Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Institute of Physiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2024 Dec 1;18(4):282-291. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000717. Epub 2024 Oct 30.
The importance of the gut microbiome for human health and well-being is generally accepted, and elucidating the signaling pathways between the gut microbiome and the host offers novel mechanistic insight into the (patho)physiology and multifaceted aspects of healthy aging and human brain functions.
The gut microbiome is tightly linked with the nervous system, and gut microbiota are increasingly emerging as important regulators of emotional and cognitive performance. They send and receive signals for the bidirectional communication between gut and brain via immunological, neuroanatomical, and humoral pathways. The composition of the gut microbiota and the spectrum of metabolites and neurotransmitters that they release changes with increasing age, nutrition, hypoxia, and other pathological conditions. Changes in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) are associated with critical illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular, and chronic kidney disease but also neurological, mental, and pain disorders, as well as chemotherapies and antibiotics affecting brain development and function.
Dysbiosis and a concomitant imbalance of mediators are increasingly emerging both as causes and consequences of diseases affecting the brain. Understanding the microbiota's role in the pathogenesis of these disorders will have major clinical implications and offer new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
目的综述：肠道微生物组对人类健康和福祉的重要性已被普遍接受，阐明肠道微生物组与宿主之间的信号通路为（病理）生理学和健康衰老及人类大脑功能的多方面提供了新的机制见解。
最新发现：肠道微生物组与神经系统紧密相连，肠道微生物群越来越被认为是调节情绪和认知表现的重要因素。它们通过免疫、神经解剖和体液途径发送和接收用于肠道和大脑双向通信的信号。随着年龄的增长、营养、缺氧和其他病理状况的变化，肠道微生物组的组成以及它们释放的代谢物和神经递质的范围会发生变化。肠道微生物组的变化（失调）与癌症、心血管和慢性肾病等重大疾病以及神经、精神和疼痛疾病以及影响大脑发育和功能的化疗和抗生素有关。
总结：失调和随之而来的介质失衡既是影响大脑的疾病的原因，也是其后果。了解微生物组在这些疾病发病机制中的作用将具有重要的临床意义，并为治疗干预提供新的机会。
