Cameron Stephen L
Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; email:
Annu Rev Entomol. 2025 Jan;70(1):83-101. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-013024-015553. Epub 2024 Dec 19.
The past decade has seen the availability of insect genomic data explode, with mitochondrial (mt) genome data seeing the greatest growth. The widespread adoption of next-generation sequencing has solved many earlier methodological limitations, allowing the routine sequencing of whole mt genomes, including from degraded or museum specimens and in parallel to nuclear genomic projects. The diversity of available taxa now allows finer-scale comparisons between mt and nuclear phylogenomic analyses; high levels of congruence have been found for most orders, with some significant exceptions (e.g., Odonata, Mantodea, Diptera). The evolution of mt gene rearrangements and their association with haplodiploidy have been tested with expanded taxonomic sampling, and earlier proposed trends have been largely supported. Multiple model systems have been developed based on findings unique to insects, including mt genome fragmentation (lice and relatives) and control region duplication (thrips), allowing testing of hypothesized evolutionary drivers of these aberrant genomic phenomena. Finally, emerging research topics consider the contributions of mt genomes to insect speciation and habitat adaption, with very broad potential impacts. Integration between insect mt genomic research and other fields within entomology continues to be our field's greatest opportunity and challenge.
在过去十年中，昆虫基因组数据的可得性呈爆炸式增长，其中线粒体（mt）基因组数据增长最为显著。新一代测序技术的广泛应用解决了许多早期的方法学限制，使得对整个mt基因组进行常规测序成为可能，包括对降解样本或博物馆标本的测序，并且可以与核基因组计划并行开展。现有分类群的多样性使得在mt和核系统发育基因组分析之间能够进行更精细的比较；大多数目都显示出高度的一致性，但也有一些显著的例外（如蜻蜓目、螳螂目、双翅目）。通过扩大分类群抽样，对mt基因重排的进化及其与单双倍体的关联进行了测试，早期提出的趋势在很大程度上得到了支持。基于昆虫特有的发现，已经开发了多个模型系统，包括mt基因组片段化（虱子及其近亲）和控制区重复（蓟马），从而能够对这些异常基因组现象的假定进化驱动因素进行测试。最后，新兴的研究主题探讨了mt基因组对昆虫物种形成和栖息地适应的贡献，具有非常广泛的潜在影响。昆虫mt基因组研究与昆虫学其他领域之间的整合仍然是我们这个领域最大的机遇和挑战。
