Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effects of synbiotics, probiotics, or prebiotics in controlling glucose homeostasis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients.

: Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have been suggested as a possible therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, their efficacy in improving blood glucose levels in NAFLD patients remains uncertain. : The aim of this study was to assess the effects of supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics on fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in NAFLD patients. : We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for relevant trials published up to March 2024. Out of 3369 identified studies, 24 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. : Probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic supplementation substantially reduced FBG ( = 23; standard mean difference (SMD) = -0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.30, -0.03; = 0.02), fasting insulin levels ( = 12; SMD = -0.28; 95% CI: -0.49, -0.07; = 0.01), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; = 14; SMD = -0.28; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.09; = 0.004). However, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA; = 3; SMD = -0.17; 95% CI: -0.48, 0.13; = 0.27) was not significantly affected. The FBG-decreasing effect diminished as the body mass index (BMI) of volunteers increased in the baseline. Additionally, the number of probiotic strains and geographic region were shown to significantly affect FBG levels. : This meta-analysis indicates that supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics may aid in controlling glucose homeostasis in patients with NAFLD.