Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; email:
Annu Rev Genet. 2024 Nov;58(1):365-389. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111523-102448. Epub 2024 Nov 14.
Over the past two decades, studies have revealed profound evolutionary connections between prokaryotic and eukaryotic immune systems, challenging the notion of their unrelatedness. Immune systems across the tree of life share an operational framework, shaping their biochemical logic and evolutionary trajectories. The diversification of immune genes in the prokaryotic superkingdoms, followed by lateral transfer to eukaryotes, was central to the emergence of innate immunity in the latter. These include protein domains related to nucleotide second messenger-dependent systems, NAD+/nucleotide degradation, and P-loop NTPase domains of the STAND and GTPase clades playing pivotal roles in eukaryotic immunity and inflammation. Moreover, several domains orchestrating programmed cell death, ultimately of prokaryotic provenance, suggest an intimate link between immunity and the emergence of multicellularity in eukaryotes such as animals. While eukaryotes directly adopted some proteins from bacterial immune systems, they repurposed others for new immune functions from bacterial interorganismal conflict systems. These emerging immune components hold substantial biotechnological potential.
在过去的二十年中，研究揭示了原核生物和真核生物免疫系统之间深刻的进化联系，挑战了它们之间没有关联的观点。生命之树上的免疫系统共享一个操作框架，塑造了它们的生化逻辑和进化轨迹。原核超级王国中免疫基因的多样化，随后横向转移到真核生物中，是后者先天免疫出现的核心。其中包括与核苷酸第二信使依赖系统、NAD+/核苷酸降解以及 STAND 和 GTPase 类别的 P 环 NTPase 结构域相关的蛋白结构域，这些结构域在真核生物的免疫和炎症中起着关键作用。此外，几个协调程序性细胞死亡的结构域，最终来自原核生物，表明免疫与真核生物（如动物）中多细胞生物的出现之间存在密切联系。虽然真核生物直接从细菌免疫系统中采用了一些蛋白质，但它们也将其他蛋白质重新用于从细菌种间冲突系统中产生新的免疫功能。这些新兴的免疫成分具有巨大的生物技术潜力。
