Children and Young People's Mental Health (ChYMe) Research Collaboration, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
NIHR CLAHRC South West Peninsula (PenCLAHRC), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
BMJ Open. 2024 Sep 12;14(9):e080306. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080306.
We described the range and types of objective measures of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and young people (CYP) reported in research that can be applied in naturalistic settings.
Scoping review using best practice methods.
MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Embase, (via OVID); British Education Index, Education Resources Information Centre, Education Abstracts, Education Research Complete, Child Development and Adolescent Papers, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection (via EBSCO) were searched between 1 December 2021 and 28 February 2022.
Papers reported an objective measure of ADHD traits in CYP in naturalistic settings written in English.
2802 papers were identified; titles and abstracts were screened by two reviewers. 454 full-text papers were obtained and screened. 128 papers were eligible and included in the review. Data were extracted by the lead author, with 10% checked by a second team member. Descriptive statistics and narrative synthesis were used.
Of the 128 papers, 112 were primary studies and 16 were reviews. 87% were conducted in the USA, and only 0.8% originated from the Global South, with China as the sole representative. 83 objective measures were identified (64 observational and 19 acceleration-sensitive measures). Notably, the Behaviour Observation System for Schools (BOSS), a behavioural observation, emerged as one of the predominant measures. 59% of papers reported on aspects of the reliability of the measure (n=76). The highest inter-rater reliability was found in an unnamed measure (% agreement=1), Scope Classroom Observation Checklist (% agreement=0.989) and BOSS (% agreement=0.985). 11 papers reported on aspects of validity. 12.5% of papers reported on their method of data collection (eg, pen and paper, on an iPad). Of the 47 papers that reported observer training, 5 reported the length of time the training took ranging from 3 hours to 1 year. Despite recommendations to integrate objective measures alongside conventional assessments, use remains limited, potentially due to inconsistent psychometric properties across studies.
Many objective measures of ADHD have been developed and described, with the majority of these being direct behavioural observations. There is a lack of reporting of psychometric properties and guidance for researchers administering these measures in practice and in future studies. Methodological transparency is needed. Encouragingly, recent papers begin to address these issues.
我们描述了在自然环境中可应用的儿童和青少年注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）的客观测量范围和类型。
使用最佳实践方法进行范围界定审查。
2021 年 12 月 1 日至 2022 年 2 月 28 日，在 MEDLINE、APA PsycINFO、Embase（通过 OVID）；英国教育索引、教育资源信息中心、教育文摘、教育完整资源、儿童发展和青少年论文、护理和联合健康文献累积索引（CINAHL）、心理学和行为科学收藏（通过 EBSCO）进行搜索。
论文以英语报告了在自然环境中针对 CYP 的 ADHD 特征的客观测量。
确定了 2802 篇论文；两名审查员对标题和摘要进行了筛选。获得了 454 篇全文论文并进行了筛选。128 篇论文符合条件并纳入审查。主要作者进行了数据提取，由另一名团队成员检查了 10%。使用描述性统计和叙述性综合。
在 128 篇论文中，112 篇为主要研究，16 篇为综述。87%的研究在美国进行，只有 0.8%来自全球南方，中国是唯一的代表。确定了 83 种客观措施（64 种观察性和 19 种加速度敏感措施）。值得注意的是，行为观察系统（BOSS）作为一种主要的测量方法出现。59%的论文报告了测量的可靠性方面（n=76）。最高的观察者间可靠性在一个未命名的测量（%一致性=1）、范围课堂观察检查表（%一致性=0.989）和 BOSS（%一致性=0.985）中发现。11 篇论文报告了有效性方面。12.5%的论文报告了数据收集方法（例如，纸笔、在 iPad 上）。在 47 篇报告观察者培训的论文中，有 5 篇报告了培训时间，从 3 小时到 1 年不等。尽管建议将客观措施与常规评估相结合，但由于研究之间的心理测量特性不一致，因此使用仍然有限。
已经开发和描述了许多 ADHD 的客观测量方法，其中大多数是直接的行为观察。在实践和未来研究中，缺乏对这些措施的心理测量特性和指导的报告。需要方法学的透明度。令人鼓舞的是，最近的论文开始解决这些问题。
