Gut fungal diversity across different life stages of the onion fly Delia antiqua.

A significant number of microorganisms inhabit the intestinal tract or the body surface of insects. While the majority of research on insect microbiome interaction has mainly focused on bacteria, of late multiple studies have been acknowledging the importance of fungi and have started reporting the fungal communities as well. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to compare the diversity of intestinal fungi in Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) at different growth stages, and effect of differential fungi between adjacent life stages on the growth and development of D. antiqua was investigated. The results showed that there were significant differences in the α and β diversity of gut fungal communities between two adjacent growth stages. Among the dominant fungi, genera Penicillium and Meyerozyma and family Cordycipitaceae had higher abundances. Cordycipitaceae was mainly enriched in the pupal and adult (male and female) stages, Penicillium was mainly enriched in the pupal, 2nd instar and 3rd instar larval stages, and Meyerozyma was enriched in the pupal stage. Only three fungal species were found to differ between two adjacent growth stages. These three fungal species including Fusarium oxysporum, Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Penicillium roqueforti generally inhibited the growth and development of D. antiqua, with only P. roqueforti promoting the growth and development of female insects. This study will provide theoretical support for the search for new pathogenic microorganisms for other fly pests control and the development of new biological control strategies for fly pests.