Ponce Renato, Lupiáñez Juan, González-García Carlos, Casagrande Maria, Marotta Andrea
Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Department of Experimental Psychology & Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Br J Psychol. 2025 Feb;116(1):69-88. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12735. Epub 2024 Sep 13.
Recent studies employing the spatial interference paradigm reveal qualitative differences in congruency effects between gaze and arrow targets. Typically, arrows produce a standard congruency effect (SCE), with faster responses when target direction aligns with its location. Conversely, gaze targets often lead to a reversed congruency effect (RCE), where responses are slower in similar conditions. We explored this dissociation using the Conditional Accuracy Function (CAF) to assess accuracy across reaction time bins. Using a hierarchical linear mixed modelling approach to compare cropped eyes, and full faces as social stimuli, and arrows as non-social stimuli, we synthesized findings from 11 studies, which led to three distinct models. The results showed that with non-social targets, incongruent trials exhibited lower accuracy rates in the first bin than in subsequent bins, while congruent trials maintained stable accuracy throughout the distribution. Conversely, social targets revealed a dissociation within the fastest responses; alongside a general reduction in accuracy for both congruency conditions, congruent trials resulted in even lower accuracy rates than incongruent ones. These results suggest with gaze targets that additional information, perhaps social, in addition to the automatic capture by the irrelevant target location, is being processed during the earlier stages of processing.
最近采用空间干扰范式的研究揭示了注视目标和箭头目标在一致性效应上的质的差异。通常，箭头会产生标准一致性效应（SCE），即当目标方向与其位置一致时反应更快。相反，注视目标往往会导致反向一致性效应（RCE），即在类似条件下反应更慢。我们使用条件准确性函数（CAF）来评估反应时间区间内的准确性，以探究这种分离现象。使用分层线性混合建模方法，将裁剪后的眼睛和完整面部作为社会刺激，将箭头作为非社会刺激，我们综合了11项研究的结果，得出了三种不同的模型。结果表明，对于非社会目标，不一致试验在第一个区间的准确率低于后续区间，而一致试验在整个分布中保持稳定的准确率。相反，社会目标在最快反应中表现出分离；除了两种一致性条件下的准确率普遍降低外，一致试验的准确率甚至低于不一致试验。这些结果表明，对于注视目标，在处理的早期阶段，除了被无关目标位置自动捕获外，可能还有额外的信息，也许是社会信息，正在被处理。
