Abraham J L
Scan Electron Microsc. 1979(2):751-66.
There is increasing awareness of health hazards from environmental and occupational exposures to particulates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) can document these exposures by analysis of small portions of cells, tissues and environmental samples. Previous work is briefly reviewed and special attention is given to discussion, with examples, of the various types of particulates which may be found in tissues (exogenous, endogenous, inhaled, injected, ingested, inorganic, organic), the different tissues in which they may be found (lung, heart, liver, skin, brain, kidney, lymph nodes, etc.), methods of tissue sampling (e.g. pulmonary lavage, transbronchial biopsy, open biopsy, percutaneous biopsy, autopsy), specimen preparation (fixation, embedding, sectioning, choice of substrate), SEM and EDXA data collection (backscattered electron imaging, etc.) data interpretation (artefacts, limitations of SEM and EDXA) and other new techniques (ion microprobe, laser Raman microprobe).
人们越来越意识到环境和职业接触颗粒物对健康的危害。扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线分析（EDXA）可以通过分析细胞、组织和环境样本的小部分来记录这些接触情况。本文简要回顾了以往的工作，并特别举例讨论了组织中可能发现的各种类型的颗粒物（外源性、内源性、吸入性、注射性、摄入性、无机性、有机性）、可能发现它们的不同组织（肺、心脏、肝脏、皮肤、大脑、肾脏、淋巴结等）、组织采样方法（如肺灌洗、经支气管活检、开放活检、经皮活检、尸检）、样本制备（固定、包埋、切片、底物选择）、SEM和EDXA数据收集（背散射电子成像等）、数据解释（伪像、SEM和EDXA的局限性）以及其他新技术（离子微探针、激光拉曼微探针）。
