Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review.

: A comprehensive and up-to-date review on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in patients with COPD is needed. Therefore, we aimed to systematically review the risk of a range of CVD in patients with COPD. : We searched three databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, SCOPUS) from inception to September 2023 using terms related to COPD and CVD. Observational studies were included if they (1) were conducted in adults with a diagnosis of COPD based on the GOLD criteria, spirometry, physician diagnosis, or review of electronic health records; (2) reported the risk of CVD, namely of myocardial infarction (MI), ischaemic heart disease (IHD), atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease, compared with a control population using a measure of risk. A narrative synthesis was used. : Twenty-four studies from 2015 to 2023, mainly from Europe ( = 17), were included. A total of 3,485,392 patients with COPD (43.5-76.0% male; 63.9-73.5 yrs) and 31,480,333 (40.0-55.4% male, 49.3-70.0 yrs) controls were included. A higher risk of CVD in patients with COPD was evident regarding overall CVD, MI, IHD, heart failure, and angina. Higher risks of arrhythmia and AF, stroke, sudden cardiac death/arrest, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease were also found, although based on a small amount of evidence. : Patients with COPD have a higher risk of CVD than the general population or matched controls. This review underscores the need for vigilant and close monitoring of cardiovascular risk in individuals with COPD to inform more precise preventive strategies and targeted interventions to enhance their overall management.