PM-mediated cardiovascular disease in aging: Cardiometabolic risks, molecular mechanisms and potential interventions.

Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM) with <2.5 μm in diameter, is a major public health concern. Studies have consistently linked PM exposure to a heightened risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF), and cardiac arrhythmias. Notably, individuals with pre-existing age-related cardiometabolic conditions appear more susceptible. However, the specific impact of PM on CVDs susceptibility in older adults remains unclear. Therefore, this review addresses this gap by discussing the factors that make the elderly more vulnerable to PM-induced CVDs. Accordingly, we focused on physiological aging, increased susceptibility, cardiometabolic risk factors, CVDs, and biological mechanisms. This review concludes by examining potential interventions to reduce exposure and the adverse health effects of PM in the elderly population. The latter includes dietary modifications, medications, and exploration of the potential benefits of supplements. By comprehensively analyzing these factors, this review aims to provide a deeper understanding of the detrimental effects of PM on cardiovascular health in older adults. This knowledge can inform future research and guide strategies to protect vulnerable populations from the adverse effects of air pollution.