Shrwani Khalid J, Mahallawi Waleed H, Mohana Abdulrhman I, Algaissi Abdullah, Dhayhi Nabil, Sharwani Nouf J, Gadour Eyad, Aldossari Saeed M, Asiri Hasan, Kameli Nader, Asiri Ayad Y, Asiri Abdullah M, Sherwani Alaa J, Cunliffe Nigel, Zhang Qibo
Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Public Health Authority, Saudi Center for Disease Prevention and Control (SCDC), Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Front Immunol. 2024 Aug 30;15:1358885. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358885. eCollection 2024.
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has emerged as a deadly pathogen with a mortality rate of up to 36.2%. MERS-CoV can cause severe respiratory tract disease and multiorgan failure. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines are urgently needed. This intensive review explores the human immune responses and their immunological mechanisms during MERS-CoV infection in the mucosa of the upper and lower respiratory tracts (URT and LRT, respectively).
The aim of this study is to provide a valuable, informative, and critical summary of the protective immune mechanisms against MERS-CoV infection in the URT/LRT for the purpose of preventing and controlling MERS-CoV disease and designing effective therapeutic vaccines.
In this review, we focus on the immune potential of the respiratory tract following MERS-CoV infection. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the following terms: "MERS-CoV", "B cells", "T cells", "cytokines", "chemokines", "cytotoxic", and "upper and lower respiratory tracts".
We found and included 152 studies in this review. We report that the cellular innate immune response, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, produces antiviral substances such as interferons and interleukins to prevent the virus from spreading. In the adaptive and humoral immune responses, CD4 helper T cells, CD8 cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and plasma cells protect against MERS-CoV infection in URT and LRT.
The human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) could successfully limit the spread of several respiratory pathogens. However, in the case of MERS-CoV infection, limited research has been conducted in humans with regard to immunopathogenesis and mucosal immune responses due to the lack of relevant tissues. A better understanding of the immune mechanisms of the URT and LRT is vital for the design and development of effective MERS-CoV vaccines.
中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV）已成为一种致命病原体，死亡率高达36.2%。MERS-CoV可导致严重呼吸道疾病和多器官衰竭。因此，迫切需要治疗性疫苗。本综述深入探讨了上、下呼吸道（分别为URT和LRT）黏膜在MERS-CoV感染期间的人体免疫反应及其免疫机制。
本研究旨在对URT/LRT中针对MERS-CoV感染的保护性免疫机制进行有价值、信息丰富且关键的总结，以预防和控制MERS-CoV疾病并设计有效的治疗性疫苗。
在本综述中，我们聚焦于MERS-CoV感染后呼吸道的免疫潜力。我们使用以下检索词在PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane、Scopus和谷歌学术中进行检索：“MERS-CoV”、“B细胞”、“T细胞”、“细胞因子”、“趋化因子”、“细胞毒性”以及“上、下呼吸道”。
我们在本综述中找到并纳入了152项研究。我们报告称，包括巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和自然杀伤细胞在内的细胞固有免疫反应会产生如干扰素和白细胞介素等抗病毒物质，以防止病毒传播。在适应性和体液免疫反应中，CD4辅助性T细胞、CD8细胞毒性T细胞、B细胞和浆细胞可抵御URT和LRT中的MERS-CoV感染。
人类鼻咽相关淋巴组织（NALT）和支气管相关淋巴组织（BALT）能够成功限制多种呼吸道病原体的传播。然而，在MERS-CoV感染的情况下，由于缺乏相关组织，关于免疫发病机制和黏膜免疫反应在人类中的研究有限。更好地了解URT和LRT的免疫机制对于设计和开发有效的MERS-CoV疫苗至关重要。
