Pathologic pulmonary alterations in long-term human heart-lung transplantation.

Twenty-one patients with end-stage pulmonary hypertension underwent combined allograft heart-lung transplantation after 1980. Almost 80 per cent of these patients survived beyond the immediate postoperative period, with the longest survival period more than 3 1/2 years at the time of this report. Five patients died in the perioperative or immediate postoperative period, and 11 returned to normal lives with essentially normal pulmonary function. In the remaining five allograft recipients recurrent respiratory infections and progressive obstructive airway disease developed, with superimposed restrictive deficits in three of them. Two open lung biopsies, two autopsies, and one retransplantation were performed in these recipients. Morphologically, these allograft recipients showed extensive bronchiolitis obliterans, interstitial and pleural fibrosis, and accelerated arterial and venous arteriosclerosis. Bronchiolitis obliterans may prove to be a significant complication of heart-lung transplantation.