Kechagia Ioanna, Panagiotakos Demosthenes
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences & Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 Eleftheriou Venizelou, Kallithea, 176 76, Athens, Greece.
Department of Clinical Dietetics-Nutrition, HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Hormones (Athens). 2025 Mar;24(1):59-70. doi: 10.1007/s42000-024-00604-4. Epub 2024 Sep 17.
There are accumulating levels of scientific knowledge concerning the dietary recommendations for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
This systematic review presents the most recent scientific knowledge concerning dietary recommendations for T2DM published in the English language by various scientific societies during the past 10 years.
The recommendations are herein presented and discussed in the light of a critical, evidence-based appraisal aiming to provide a comprehensive guide for the clinician in daily practice.
In the case of overweight or obesity, the cornerstone of the primary prevention of T2DM is the combination of a healthy body weight (body mass index < 25 kg/m) or a reduction of fat by at least 7% and the implementation of at least 150 min of moderate physical activity per week. Restriction of calories and of dietary fat is recommended, the latter as well as several dietary patterns providing a holistic approach to dieting and all having been correlated with decreased risk of T2DM. Among these dietary patterns are the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension), the low-glycemic diet, and the HEI-Healthy Eating Index and AHEI-Alternative Healthy Eating Index. Micronutrient deficiencies of, for example, vitamin D, chromium and magnesium, may be associated with insulin resistance in T2DM.
Overall, the combination of nutrition through dietary patterns that are mainly plant-based and which emphasize wholegrains, legumes, nuts, fruits, and vegetables and that include only small percentages of refined and processed foods, together with physical activity, has been associated with decreased T2DM risk.
关于预防2型糖尿病（T2DM）的饮食建议，科学知识正在不断积累。
本系统评价呈现了过去10年中各科学学会以英文发表的关于T2DM饮食建议的最新科学知识。
本文根据批判性的、基于证据的评估对这些建议进行了呈现和讨论，旨在为临床医生的日常实践提供全面指导。
对于超重或肥胖者，T2DM一级预防的基石是保持健康体重（体重指数<25kg/m²）或至少减少7%的脂肪，并每周进行至少150分钟的中等强度体育活动。建议限制热量和膳食脂肪摄入，后者以及几种提供整体饮食方法且均与降低T2DM风险相关的饮食模式包括地中海饮食、DASH饮食（终止高血压膳食方法）、低血糖饮食以及健康饮食指数（HEI）和替代健康饮食指数（AHEI）。例如，维生素D、铬和镁等微量营养素缺乏可能与T2DM中的胰岛素抵抗有关。
总体而言，主要以植物为基础、强调全谷物、豆类、坚果、水果和蔬菜且仅包含少量精制和加工食品的饮食模式所提供的营养与体育活动相结合，与降低T2DM风险相关。
