Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
Nutrients. 2020 Jun 23;12(6):1864. doi: 10.3390/nu12061864.
Minerals and trace elements are micronutrients that are essential to the human body but present only in traceable amounts. Nonetheless, they exhibit well-defined biochemical functions. Deficiencies in these micronutrients are related to widespread human health problems. This review article is focused on some of these minerals and trace element deficiencies and their consequences in diabetes and insulin resistance. The levels of trace elements vary considerably among different populations, contingent on the composition of the diet. In several Asian countries, large proportions of the population are affected by a number of micronutrient deficiencies. Local differences in selenium, zinc, copper, iron, chromium and iodine in the diet occur in both developed and developing countries, largely due to malnutrition and dependence on indigenous nutrition. These overall deficiencies and, in a few cases, excess of essential trace elements may lead to imbalances in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. The most extensive problems affecting one billion people or more worldwide are associated with inadequate supply of a number of minerals and trace elements including iodine, selenium, zinc, calcium, chromium, cobalt, iron, boron and magnesium. This review comprises various randomized controlled trials, cohort and case-controlled studies, and observational and laboratory-based studies with substantial outcomes of micronutrient deficiencies on diabetes and insulin resistance in diverse racial inhabitants from parts of Asia, Africa, and North America. Changes in these micronutrient levels in the serum and urine of subjects may indicate the trajectory toward metabolic changes, oxidative stress and provide disease-relevant information.
矿物质和微量元素是人体必需的微量营养素，但含量极微。然而，它们具有明确的生化功能。这些微量营养素的缺乏与广泛的人类健康问题有关。本文综述了一些矿物质和微量元素缺乏及其在糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗中的后果。微量元素的水平在不同人群中差异很大，这取决于饮食的组成。在一些亚洲国家，很大一部分人口受到多种微量元素缺乏的影响。在发达国家和发展中国家，饮食中的硒、锌、铜、铁、铬和碘都存在局部差异，这主要是由于营养不良和依赖本土营养。这些整体的缺乏，以及在少数情况下，必需微量元素的过量，可能导致葡萄糖稳态和胰岛素抵抗的失衡。全球影响 10 亿多人的最广泛问题与包括碘、硒、锌、钙、铬、钴、铁、硼和镁在内的多种矿物质和微量元素的供应不足有关。这篇综述包括了来自亚洲、非洲和北美的不同种族居民的各种随机对照试验、队列和病例对照研究以及观察性和基于实验室的研究，这些研究都有大量的微量元素缺乏与糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗相关的结果。这些微量营养素在血清和尿液中的水平变化可能表明代谢变化、氧化应激的轨迹，并提供与疾病相关的信息。
