Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
Vet Anaesth Analg. 2024 Nov-Dec;51(6):613-620. doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2024.07.011. Epub 2024 Aug 2.
To evaluate induced hypothermia and rewarming times in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (HAP; Amazona ventralis) anesthetized using isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane, and to describe selected cardiovascular and respiratory effects.
Randomized, balanced, crossover experimental study.
A group of 12 adult HAP.
Parrots were premedicated with intramuscular butorphanol (0.5 mg kg) and anesthetized with the three inhalants with a 7 day washout period between events. Anesthesia was induced using isoflurane at 4 vol%, sevoflurane at 6 vol% or desflurane 12 vol% carried in oxygen, delivered via face mask. After orotracheal intubation, anesthesia maintenance was with end-tidal concentrations of 1.4-2% (Fe'Iso), 2.4-3% (Fe'Sevo) and 8.5-9.2% (Fe'Des). Hypothermia was defined as an esophageal temperature (BT) below 37.8 °C. External heat support was provided when BT dropped to 37.5 °C. Time for temperature decrease from 38.9 °C to 37.5 °C (T1), time to first increase in BT above 37.5 °C (T2) and time from external heat support to achieving 38.9 °C (T3) were recorded and compared via Friedman tests with post hoc Dunn's test. Heart rate, respiratory rate and end-tidal carbon dioxide, amongst other variables, were evaluated.
All inhalants caused hypothermia (T1): isoflurane, 12 (2-37) minutes [median (range)]; sevoflurane, 12 (4-18) minutes; desflurane, 11.5 (6-24) minutes, with no significant differences between treatments (p > 0.05). T2 was significantly (p = 0.042) longer for sevoflurane than for desflurane but not isoflurane. Transient apnea was observed with all inhalants, including 25% of birds anesthetized with sevoflurane. Second-degree atrioventricular block and ventricular escape beats occurred with all inhalants with hypothermia potentially exacerbating cardiac arrhythmias.
Hypothermia rapidly developed in butorphanol-sedated HAP anesthetized using isoflurane, sevoflurane or desflurane. Sevoflurane prolonged warming time. Hypothermia may be associated with an increased likelihood of bradyarrhythmia in parrots anesthetized with inhalants.
评估 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots（HAP；Amazona ventralis）在使用异氟烷、七氟醚或地氟醚麻醉时的诱导性低温和复温时间，并描述所选心血管和呼吸效应。
随机、平衡、交叉实验研究。
一组 12 只成年 HAP。
鹦鹉用肌肉内布托啡诺（0.5 mg/kg）进行预处理，并使用三种吸入剂麻醉，每种吸入剂之间有 7 天的洗脱期。使用异氟烷 4 体积%、七氟醚 6 体积%或地氟醚 12 体积%在氧气中诱导麻醉，通过面罩输送。气管插管后，以 1.4-2%（Fe'Iso）、2.4-3%（Fe'Sevo）和 8.5-9.2%（Fe'Des）的呼气末浓度维持麻醉。体温（BT）低于 37.8°C 定义为低温。当 BT 降至 37.5°C 以下时，提供外部热支持。记录并比较从 38.9°C 降至 37.5°C 的时间（T1）、首次 BT 升高超过 37.5°C 的时间（T2）和从外部热支持到达到 38.9°C 的时间（T3），并通过 Friedman 检验与事后 Dunn 检验进行比较。评估心率、呼吸频率和呼气末二氧化碳等变量。
所有吸入剂均导致低温（T1）：异氟烷，12（2-37）分钟[中位数（范围）]；七氟醚，12（4-18）分钟；地氟醚 11.5（6-24）分钟，治疗之间无显著差异（p>0.05）。与地氟醚相比，七氟醚的 T2 显著（p=0.042）更长，但与异氟烷相比则没有。所有吸入剂均观察到短暂的呼吸暂停，包括 25%的七氟醚麻醉的鸟类。所有吸入剂均发生二度房室传导阻滞和室性逸搏，低温可能加重心律失常。
在使用异氟烷、七氟醚或地氟醚麻醉的布托啡诺镇静的 Hispaniolan Amazon parrots 中，低温迅速发展。七氟醚延长了升温时间。在吸入麻醉的鹦鹉中，低温可能与心动过缓的可能性增加有关。
