Karlsson Øyvind, Govus Andrew D, McGawley Kerry, Hanstock Helen G
Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Studentplan 4, Östersund, 831 40, Sweden.
Department of Sport, Exercise, and Nutrition, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Sports Med Open. 2024 Sep 18;10(1):99. doi: 10.1186/s40798-024-00770-0.
This study used metabolic phenotyping to explore the responses of highly-trained cross-country skiers to a standardized exercise test, which was part of the athletes' routine testing, and determine whether metabolic phenotyping could discriminate specific physiological, performance, and illness characteristics.
Twenty-three highly-trained cross-country skiers (10 women and 13 men) participated in this study. Capillary whole-blood samples were collected before (at rest) and 2.5 min after (post-exercise) a roller-ski treadmill test consisting of 5-6 × 4-min submaximal stages followed by a self-paced time trial (~ 3 min) and analyzed using mass spectrometry. Performance level was defined by International Ski Federation distance and sprint rankings. Illness data were collected prospectively for 33 weeks using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems. Orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analyses (OPLS-DA) followed by enrichment analyses were used to identify metabolic phenotypes of athlete groups with specific physiological, performance, and illness characteristics.
Blood metabolite phenotypes were significantly different after the standardized exercise test compared to rest for metabolites involved in energy, purine, and nucleotide metabolism (all OPLS-DA p < 0.001). Acute changes in the metabolic phenotype from rest to post-exercise could discriminate athletes with: (1) higher vs. lower peak blood lactate concentrations; (2) superior vs. inferior performance levels in sprint skiing, and (3) ≥ 2 vs. ≤ 1 self-reported illness episodes in the 33-week study period (all p < 0.05). The most important metabolites contributing to the distinction of groups according to (1) post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, (2) sprint performance, and (3) illness frequency were: (1) inosine, hypoxanthine, and deoxycholic acid, (2) sorbitol, adenosine monophosphate, and 2-hydroxyleuroylcarnitine, and (3) glucose-6-phosphate, squalene, and deoxycholic acid, respectively.
Metabolic phenotyping discriminated between athlete groups with higher vs. lower post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, superior vs. inferior sprint skiing performance, and more vs. less self-reported illnesses. While the biological relevance of the identified biomarkers requires validation in future research, metabolic phenotyping shows promise as a tool for routine monitoring of highly-trained endurance athletes.
本研究采用代谢表型分析来探究高水平越野滑雪运动员对标准化运动测试的反应，该测试是运动员常规测试的一部分，并确定代谢表型分析是否能够区分特定的生理、运动表现和疾病特征。
23名高水平越野滑雪运动员（10名女性和13名男性）参与了本研究。在由5 - 6个4分钟次最大强度阶段组成的滚轮滑雪跑步机测试前（静息状态）和测试后2.5分钟（运动后）采集毛细血管全血样本，随后进行一个自定节奏的计时赛（约3分钟），并使用质谱法进行分析。运动表现水平由国际滑雪联合会的距离和短跑排名来定义。使用奥斯陆体育创伤研究中心健康问题问卷前瞻性收集33周的疾病数据。采用正交偏最小二乘判别分析（OPLS - DA）并随后进行富集分析，以识别具有特定生理、运动表现和疾病特征的运动员群体的代谢表型。
与静息状态相比，标准化运动测试后，参与能量、嘌呤和核苷酸代谢的代谢物的血液代谢表型存在显著差异（所有OPLS - DA p < 0.001）。从静息到运动后的代谢表型急性变化能够区分以下运动员：（1）运动后血乳酸峰值浓度较高与较低者；（2）短距离滑雪运动表现较好与较差者；（3）在33周研究期间自我报告疾病发作次数≥2次与≤1次者（所有p < 0.05）。根据（1）运动后血乳酸浓度、（2）短跑表现和（3）疾病频率区分不同组别的最重要代谢物分别为：（1）肌苷、次黄嘌呤和脱氧胆酸；（2）山梨醇、单磷酸腺苷和2 - 羟基异戊酰肉碱；（3）6 - 磷酸葡萄糖、角鲨烯和脱氧胆酸。
代谢表型分析能够区分运动后血乳酸浓度较高与较低、短距离滑雪运动表现较好与较差以及自我报告疾病较多与较少的运动员群体。虽然所识别生物标志物的生物学相关性需要在未来研究中进行验证，但代谢表型分析显示出作为一种对高水平耐力运动员进行常规监测工具的潜力。
