An industry perspective on the FDA Modernization Act 2.0/3.0: potential next steps for sponsors to reduce animal use in drug development.

Pharmaceutical developers are encouraged to adopt the best practices of being purposefully thoughtful about the use of animals, seeking alternatives wherever possible. They should engage with health authorities to increase their familiarity with the methods, study designs, data outputs, and the context of use for new approach methodologies (NAMs). Although current state of technology does not yet provide adequate models to fully replace in vivo studies, many models are sufficiently good for an augmented approach that will enhance our understanding of in vitro to in vivo correlations and advance the long-term goal of reducing animal use through innovative NAMs. The goal of future nonclinical safety packages is to advance the utilization of such enabling technologies toward appropriate human risk characterization. Establishing confidence in NAMs is a critical first step. For example, sponsors may include both "traditional" and NAM-based nonclinical safety data in regulatory submissions to establish confidence with health authorities. In addition, regulators should create a "safe harbor" for hybrid nonclinical data packages to facilitate iterative learning, refinement, and implementation of NAM-based safety assessment strategies. Sponsors are urged to contribute to NAMs evolution through consortia participation, peer-reviewed publications, and documenting animal reduction in studies/programs, accelerating the eventual elimination of animal use in pharmaceutical development, as envisioned in the FDA Modernization Act 3.0.