Technological innovation, globalization and ecological quality: A disaggregated ecological footprint approach for BRICS countries.

The ecological footprint (EF) has become one of the leading indicators for environmental assessments. The EF is an indicator that is at the center of researchers' interest in empirical analysis, as it simultaneously reflects air, water, and soil pollution. Analyzing the six sub-components of the EF is essential for assessing the environmental pressures from forestry, construction, fisheries, agriculture, and livestock, as well as for remediating these pressures. In this context, this study examines the impact of income, globalization, and technological progress (represented by patents) on the EF and its subcomponents for the BRICS countries over the period 1992-2020. The BRICS countries are of critical importance to this study as major countries in the global economic and environmental landscape. The study employs the panel LM cointegration test and the common correlated effects estimator. The results show that economic expansion augments ecological, carbon, and built-up land footprints and that patents have no significant impact on the EF indicators. On the contrary, globalization is a factor that reduces five of the seven EF indicators. A robustness check performed with a half-panel jackknife confirms the analysis findings. These results suggest that BRICS policymakers should harmonize economic development and ecology while making greater use of the environmental benefits of globalization.