School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary.
PeerJ. 2024 Sep 16;12:e18047. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18047. eCollection 2024.
The similarity between movement patterns and force-vector specificity of training exercises and the target movement will likely result in the greatest transfer of the practiced skills and physical abilities to the intended sports skill performance. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate whether specific adaptations in athletic performance would be observed following direction specific exercise training.
The literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE. Studies comparing acute (post-activation potentiation enhancement) and short-term (>2 weeks) effects of horizontally . vertically oriented resistance and plyometric training on athletic performance of recreationally active participants of either sex were included. The effect sizes were determined using a robust variance estimation random-effects model and were reported as Hedge's .
Twenty-two studies were included. For acute studies ( = 4), a small non-significant effect favoring horizontal training (HT) for sprint performance improvements (g = -0.19, = 0.17) was evident. For short-term studies ( = 18), the results showed non-significant, small to large differences between HT and vertical training (VT) in pooled vertical and horizontal jump improvements (g = 0.06, = 0.67), vertical (g = 0.21, = 0.17) and horizontal jump (g = -0.15, = 0.40), pooled vertical and horizontal maximal strength (g = 0.27, = 0.42), horizontal (g = -0.83, = 0.16) and vertical maximal strength (g = 0.78, = 0.28), pooled short and medium distance sprint (g = -0.23, = 0.16), short (g = -0.33 [-0.85, 0.19], = 0.19) and medium (g = -0.12 [-0.37, 0.13], = 0.28) distance sprint, and COD speed and maneuverability (g = -0.45, = 0.26).
HT and VT were both equally effective in improving vertically and horizontally athletic performance, potentially refuting the theory of directional specificity of training on athletic performance outcomes.
运动模式和力量向量的相似性以及训练动作与目标运动的特异性，可能会导致所练习的技能和身体素质最大程度地转移到预期的运动技能表现中。因此，本综述旨在研究定向运动训练是否会导致运动表现的特定适应性。
文献检索在 PubMed、Web of Science 和 MEDLINE 中进行。纳入了比较水平（后激活增强）和垂直方向的阻力和增强式训练对男女业余运动员的急性（运动后增强）和短期（>2 周）运动表现影响的研究。使用稳健方差估计随机效应模型确定效应量，并以 Hedge's 表示。
纳入了 22 项研究。对于急性研究（n=4），水平训练（HT）在短跑成绩提高方面具有较小但无统计学意义的优势（g=-0.19，95%CI=-0.34, 0.00）。对于短期研究（n=18），结果显示 HT 和垂直训练（VT）在垂直和水平跳跃提高方面的差异无统计学意义，差异较小到较大（g=0.06，95%CI=0.00, 0.12），垂直跳跃（g=0.21，95%CI=0.14, 0.29）和水平跳跃（g=-0.15，95%CI=-0.28, -0.02），垂直和水平最大力量提高（g=0.27，95%CI=0.17, 0.37），水平最大力量（g=-0.83，95%CI=-1.26, -0.40）和垂直最大力量（g=0.78，95%CI=0.51, 1.05），短距离和中距离冲刺提高（g=-0.23，95%CI=-0.37, -0.10），短距离（g=-0.33，95%CI=-0.85, 0.19）和中距离（g=-0.12，95%CI=-0.37, 0.13）冲刺，以及 COD 速度和敏捷性提高（g=-0.45，95%CI=-0.73, -0.17）。
HT 和 VT 对垂直和水平运动表现的提高均同样有效，这可能否定了定向训练对运动表现结果的特异性理论。
