Oxidative stress and atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice. Though the pathogenesis of AF is complex and is not completely understood, many studies suggest that oxidative stress is a major mechanism in pathophysiology of AF. Through multiple mechanisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS) lead to the formation of an AF substrate that facilitates the development and maintenance of AF. In this review article, we provide an update on the different mechanisms by which oxidative stress promotes atrial remodeling. We then discuss several therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress for the prevention or treatment of AF. Considering the complex biology of ROS induced remodeling, and the evolution of ROS sources and compartmentalization during AF progression, there is a definite need for improvement in timing, targeting and reduction of off-target effects of therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative injury in AF.