Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
Open Vet J. 2024 Aug;14(8):1942-1951. doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i8.23. Epub 2024 Aug 31.
Sudden death is defined as an unexpected death occurring with no observed antecedent clinical signs.
The current study was performed to notice the tangible causes of sudden death among 51 out of 340 she-camels on a private farm in the eastern region of El Khafgi, Saudi Arabia.
A retrospective cohort study design was conducted to investigate the sudden death of camels through microscopic examination of fecal matter to identify the gastrointestinal parasites, analysis of whole blood thin films to diagnose blood parasites, blood culturing to recognize bacterial infection as , and macroscopic postmortem examination to identify the gastrointestinal adult worm. The quantity and composition of feed were also analyzed. Afterward, a commercial multiscreen Ag-ELISA kit technique determined the toxins of ().
The results revealed that the incidence rate of sudden death was 15%. The sudden death occurred due to enterotoxins detected in the rumen, intestinal content, and intestinal wall. The enterotoxins and Alpha toxins were noticed, but the other toxin types, including Beta and Epsilon, could not be detected. All toxins were discovered to be negative in fecal matter. A significant association was reported between sudden death, she-camels age, and feeding habits as risk factors ( = 0.020 and 0.028, respectively). Risk factor assessment by relative risk (RR) revealed that the odds of RR of sudden death occurring among she-camels aged over two years were higher than those less than two years (2.24 CI 95%, 1.093-4.591). Furthermore, the odds RR of sudden death occurring due to exposure of she-camels to a concentrated ration of 18% were higher twice than those not exposed (2.346 CI 95%, 1.039-5.296).
enterotoxaemia should be listed as a cause of sudden death in camels and the alteration in diet with 18% concentration feed changes the intestinal environment, which leads to proliferating and yielding potent toxins. More observations and interferences like regular immunization are recommended to reduce the disease and increase the awareness of the farmers of the importance of risk factors.
猝死定义为无明显前驱临床体征的意外死亡。
本研究旨在观察沙特阿拉伯东部 El Khafgi 地区一个私人农场的 340 只雌性骆驼中，51 只突然死亡的明显原因。
采用回顾性队列研究设计，通过显微镜检查粪便来检测胃肠道寄生虫，分析全血薄血膜以诊断血液寄生虫，进行血液培养以识别细菌感染，以及进行宏观尸检以识别胃肠道成虫。还分析了饲料的数量和组成。随后，使用商业多屏 Ag-ELISA 试剂盒技术检测了 () 的毒素。
结果显示，突然死亡的发生率为 15%。突然死亡是由于在瘤胃、肠内容物和肠壁中检测到的 enterotoxins 引起的。检测到 enterotoxins 和 Alpha 毒素，但未能检测到其他毒素类型，包括 Beta 和 Epsilon。所有毒素在粪便中均为阴性。突然死亡与母骆驼年龄和饲养习惯呈显著相关（分别为 0.020 和 0.028）。相对风险（RR）的风险因素评估显示，年龄超过两年的母骆驼突然死亡的 RR 几率高于年龄小于两年的母骆驼（2.24%CI95%，1.093-4.591）。此外，暴露于 18%浓缩日粮的母骆驼突然死亡的 RR 几率是未暴露的两倍（2.346%CI95%，1.039-5.296）。
enterotoxaemia 应列为骆驼猝死的原因之一，而饮食改变为 18%的浓缩饲料会改变肠道环境，导致大量繁殖并产生强效毒素。建议进行更多的观察和干预，如定期免疫接种，以减少疾病并提高农民对风险因素重要性的认识。
