Plotkin Lilian I, Bruzzaniti Angela, Pianeta Roquelina
Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA.
J Endocr Soc. 2024 Sep 1;8(10):bvae153. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvae153. eCollection 2024 Aug 27.
Mounting evidence indicates that whereas some fundamental aspects of bone cell differentiation and function are similar in females and males, there is a clear contribution of sex/gender on the effects of signaling molecules on bone mass and strength and, consequently, on the effects of pharmacologic approaches to treat skeletal disorders. However, until recently, most studies were designed and performed using only 1 sex, resulting in a scarcity of published information on sexual dimorphism of the musculoskeletal system, including the mandible/masticatory muscles and the axial and appendicular bones and skeletal muscles. Further, it is now recognized that scientific rigor requires the study of both males and females. Therefore, there is an increasing need to understand the molecular and cellular basis for the differential outcomes of genetic manipulations and therapeutic agent administration depending on the sex of the experimental animals. Studies have shown higher muscle mass, cancellous bone mass, and long bone width in males compared with females as well as different traits in the pelvis and the skull, which are usually used for gender identification in forensic anthropology. Yet, most reports focus on the role of sex hormones, in particular, the consequences of estrogen deficiency with menopause in humans and in ovariectomized animal models. In addition, emerging data is starting to unveil the effects of gender-affirming hormonal therapy on the musculoskeletal system. We summarize here the current knowledge on the sex/gender-dependent phenotypic characteristics of the bone and skeletal muscles in humans and rodents, highlighting studies in which side by side comparisons were made.
越来越多的证据表明，尽管骨细胞分化和功能的一些基本方面在雌性和雄性中相似，但性别对信号分子对骨量和强度的影响，进而对治疗骨骼疾病的药理学方法的效果有明显影响。然而，直到最近，大多数研究仅使用一种性别进行设计和实施，导致关于肌肉骨骼系统性二态性的已发表信息匮乏，包括下颌骨/咀嚼肌以及中轴骨和附属骨与骨骼肌。此外，现在人们认识到科学严谨性要求对雄性和雌性都进行研究。因此，越来越需要了解根据实验动物性别进行基因操作和给予治疗药物所产生不同结果的分子和细胞基础。研究表明，与雌性相比，雄性的肌肉量、松质骨量和长骨宽度更高，以及骨盆和颅骨有不同特征，这些特征通常用于法医人类学中的性别鉴定。然而，大多数报告关注性激素的作用，特别是人类绝经和去卵巢动物模型中雌激素缺乏的后果。此外，新出现的数据开始揭示性别确认激素疗法对肌肉骨骼系统的影响。我们在此总结关于人类和啮齿动物骨骼和骨骼肌性别依赖性表型特征的当前知识，重点介绍进行了并排比较的研究。
