Esposito Giovanni, Ceruso Rosario, Aliberti Sara, Raiola Gaetano
Department of Human, Philosophical and Education, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
Research Centre of Physical Education and Exercise, Pegaso University, 80143 Napoli, Italy.
J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2024 Sep 14;9(3):162. doi: 10.3390/jfmk9030162.
: This study contributes to expanding the existing literature on learning technical skills in youth soccer by comparing the effectiveness of different training approaches in the development of passing skills. The ecological-dynamic approach, which emphasizes the continuous and adaptive interaction between the athlete and the environment, is analyzed in comparison to the traditional prescriptive approach, which relies on predefined techniques and exercises. The aim of the study is to determine which of the two approaches is more effective in improving the performance of young soccer players. : Thirty players (age 12 ± 1.2 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: the ecological-dynamic group (ECG) and a control group (CON). Both groups underwent an eight-week training program with equal sessions. The ECG group's training focused on adjusting constraints like the learning environment, game rules, and visual restrictions to boost adaptability and problem-solving skills. The CON group followed a traditional prescriptive approach with specific instructions, goal setting, immediate feedback, and structured exercise progression. Passing abilities were evaluated before and after the program using the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, with a retention test administered five weeks later. Descriptive statistics, including mean values and percentage improvements, were used. A repeated measures ANOVA compared differences between the groups. : The analysis revealed a significant Occasion × Group interaction for all performance variables, indicating that the ECG group experienced greater improvements than the CON group. Specifically, the ECG group showed significant reductions in Trial Time ( = 0.001, η = 0.6), Penalty Time ( = 0.016, η = 0.4), and Overall Performance ( = 0.011, η = 0.8) from pre-test to post-test. However, these improvements did not persist into the retention test ( = 0.131, = 0.792, and = 0.192, respectively). The CON group also improved significantly in Trial Time ( = 0.003), Penalty Time ( = 0.002), and Overall Performance ( = 0.001) from pre-test to post-test, but with smaller effect sizes and no sustained gains at retention. : The ecological-dynamic approach (EDG) has proven to be more effective in enhancing passing skills compared to the traditional prescriptive approach (CON). Although both methods led to performance improvements, the EDG group achieved more significant progress.
本研究通过比较不同训练方法在传球技能发展中的有效性，为拓展现有关于青少年足球技术技能学习的文献做出了贡献。与依赖预定义技术和练习的传统规定性方法相比，分析了强调运动员与环境之间持续且适应性互动的生态动力学方法。本研究的目的是确定这两种方法中哪一种在提高年轻足球运动员的表现方面更有效。30名球员（年龄12±1.2岁）被随机分为两组：生态动力学组（ECG）和对照组（CON）。两组都接受了为期八周的训练计划，训练课程相同。ECG组的训练重点是调整诸如学习环境、比赛规则和视觉限制等约束条件，以提高适应性和解决问题的能力。CON组采用传统的规定性方法，包括具体指导、目标设定、即时反馈和结构化的练习进展。在训练计划前后使用拉夫堡足球传球测试评估传球能力，并在五五五周后进行一次保持测试。使用了包括平均值和百分比提高在内的描述性统计数据。采用重复测量方差分析比较两组之间的差异。分析显示，所有表现变量均存在显著的场合×组交互作用，表明ECG组比CON组有更大的进步。具体而言，从测试前到测试后，ECG组的试验时间（p = 0.001，η = 0.6）、罚球时间（p = 0.016，η = 0.4）和总体表现（p = 0.011，η = 0.8）显著降低。然而，这些进步在保持测试中并未持续（分别为p = 0.131、p = 0.792和p = 0.192）。CON组从测试前到测试后在试验时间（p = 0.003）、罚球时间（p = 0.002）和总体表现（p = 0.001）方面也有显著提高，但效应量较小，在保持测试中没有持续的提高。与传统的规定性方法（CON）相比，生态动力学方法（EDG）已被证明在提高传球技能方面更有效。虽然两种方法都导致了表现的提高，但EDG组取得了更显著的进步。
