English Kevan J
Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Saint George's University School of Medicine, Saint George 33334, Saint George, Grenada.
World J Exp Med. 2024 Sep 20;14(3):98525. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i3.98525.
Anal carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor that accounts for approximately 2% of gastrointestinal malignancies and less than 7% of anorectal cancers. Most anal tumors originate between the anorectal junction and the anal verge. Risk factors for the disease include human papillomavirus infection, human immunodeficiency virus, tobacco use, immunosuppression, female sex, and older age. The pathogenesis of anal carcinoma is believed to be linked to human papillomavirus-related inflammation, leading to dysplasia and progression to cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anal tumor, with an annual incidence of approximately 1 to 2 per 100000 persons. Treatment regarding anal cancer has emerged over time. However, chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay approach for early localized disease. Patients with metastatic disease are treated with systemic therapy, and salvage surgery is reserved for disease recurrence following chemoradiation. This article aims to provide background information on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and current trends in the management of anal cancer. Future directions are briefly discussed.
肛管癌是一种相对罕见的肿瘤，约占胃肠道恶性肿瘤的2%，占肛管直肠癌的比例不到7%。大多数肛管肿瘤起源于肛管直肠交界处和肛缘之间。该疾病的危险因素包括人乳头瘤病毒感染、人类免疫缺陷病毒、吸烟、免疫抑制、女性和高龄。肛管癌的发病机制被认为与人类乳头瘤病毒相关的炎症有关，导致发育异常并进展为癌症。鳞状细胞癌是最常见的肛管肿瘤类型，年发病率约为每10万人中有1至2例。随着时间的推移，针对肛管癌的治疗方法不断涌现。然而，放化疗仍然是早期局限性疾病的主要治疗方法。转移性疾病患者接受全身治疗，挽救性手术则用于放化疗后疾病复发的情况。本文旨在提供有关肛管癌流行病学、危险因素、病理学、诊断及当前治疗趋势的背景信息。并简要讨论了未来的发展方向。
