A combined trade-off strategy of battery degradation, charge retention, and driveability for electric vehicles.

Electric vehicles are considered as an emerging solution to mitigate the environmental footprint of transportation sector. Therefore, researchers and automotive developers devote significant efforts to enhance the performance of electric vehicles to promote broader adoption of such technology. One of the critical challenges of the electric vehicle is limited battery lifetime and entailed range anxiety. In his context, development of counter-aging control strategies based on precise battery modeling is regarded as an emerging approach that has a significant potential to address battery degradation challenges. This paper presents a combined trade-off strategy to minimize battery degradation while maintaining acceptable driving performance and charge retention in electric vehicles. A battery aging model has been developed and integrated into a full vehicle model. An optimal control problem has been formulated to tackle the afore-mentioned challenges. Non-dominant sorting genetic algorithms have been implemented to yield the optimal solution through the Pareto-front of three contending objectives, based upon which an online simulation has been conducted considering three standard driving cycles. The results reveal the ability of the proposed strategy to prolong the life cycle of the battery and extend the driving range by 25 % and 8 % respectively with minimal influence of 0.6 % on the driveability.