College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
Yangling Hesheng Irradiation Technologies Co., Ltd., Yangling 712100, China.
Food Chem. 2025 Jan 15;463(Pt 3):141279. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141279. Epub 2024 Sep 18.
Proanthocyanidin (PAC) is recognized as a potent natural antioxidant that prevents various diseases. As societal awareness increases, eco-friendly and efficient natural product extraction technologies are gaining more attention. In this study, an electron beam irradiation (EBI) coupled with ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) extraction method was developed to enable the green and highly efficient extraction of PAC from walnut green husk (WGH). NADES, prepared with choline chloride and ethylene glycol, demonstrated excellent extraction capacity and storage stability for PAC. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the high compatibility between NADES and PAC, attributed mainly to a higher SASA value (207.85 nm), a greater number of hydrogen bonds (330.99), an extended hydrogen bonding lifetime (4.54 ps), and lower inter-molecular interaction energy. Based on these findings, the optimal conditions (13 kGy EBI, 42 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, 38 °C extraction temperature, 70 min extraction time) resulted in a maximum PAC extraction yield of 56.34 mg/g. Notably, this yield was 32.93 % higher than that observed in samples not treated with EBI and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Analysis of tissue morphology, extract functional groups and thermal behavior suggested a possible mechanism for the synergistically enhanced PAC extraction by the EBI-NADES-UAE method. Additionally, the PAC extracted using the NADES by the EBI coupled with ultrasound-assisted method exhibited outstanding antioxidant activity (comparable to Vc), digestive enzyme inhibition (IC50: 17-0.61 mg/mL), and anti-glycation capacity (IC50: 86.49 μg/mL). Overall, this work provided a green and efficient strategy for PAC extraction from WGH, elucidated the extraction mechanism and bioactivities, and offered valuable insights for potential industrial applications.
原花青素（PAC）被公认为一种有效的天然抗氧化剂，可预防多种疾病。随着社会意识的提高，环保、高效的天然产物提取技术越来越受到关注。在这项研究中，开发了一种电子束辐照（EBI）与超声辅助天然深共晶溶剂（NADES）提取方法，以实现从核桃青皮（WGH）中绿色、高效提取 PAC。NADES 由氯化胆碱和乙二醇制备，对 PAC 具有优异的提取能力和储存稳定性。分子动力学模拟阐明了 NADES 与 PAC 之间的高相容性，主要归因于更高的比表面积（207.85nm）、更多的氢键（330.99）、更长的氢键寿命（4.54ps）和更低的分子间相互作用能。基于这些发现，优化条件（13kGy EBI、42mL/g 液固比、38°C 提取温度、70min 提取时间）可使 PAC 的最大提取率达到 56.34mg/g。值得注意的是，与未经 EBI 和超声辅助提取（UAE）处理的样品相比，该提取率提高了 32.93%。组织形态、提取物官能团和热行为分析表明，EBI-NADES-UAE 方法协同增强 PAC 提取的可能机制。此外，采用 EBI 与超声辅助 NADES 提取的 PAC 表现出出色的抗氧化活性（与 Vc 相当）、消化酶抑制活性（IC50：17-0.61mg/mL）和抗糖化能力（IC50：86.49μg/mL）。总之，本研究为从 WGH 中绿色、高效提取 PAC 提供了一种策略，阐明了提取机制和生物活性，为潜在的工业应用提供了有价值的见解。
