Calcaterra Valeria, Vandoni Matteo, Bianchi Alice, Pirazzi Agnese, Tiranini Lara, Baldassarre Paola, Diotti Marianna, Cavallo Caterina, Nappi Rossella Elena, Zuccotti Gianvincenzo
Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Pediatric Department, Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milano, Italy.
Sports (Basel). 2024 Sep 4;12(9):245. doi: 10.3390/sports12090245.
Despite the benefits of exercise on mental and physical health, excessive training loads can lead to health problems in the long term, including a wide spectrum of menstrual dysfunction (MD). This narrative review aims to analyze the relationship between physical exercise and MD in adolescent female athletes to support regular menstrual health monitoring and promote educational programs on reproductive risks. When dealing with MD in young athletes, several factors entangled with maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis should be considered. Firstly, some disciplines seem to have a higher prevalence of MD due to the high loads of training regimes and the early introduction of athletes to a competitive career. Moreover, low energy intake and a low body mass index appear to exacerbate existing MD. Lastly, disordered eating behaviors and psychological stress can contribute to MD in female athletes. The type of sport, influencing the intensity and duration of exercise, as well as individual psycho-physiological and environmental factors, may influence the role of physical activity in the manifestation of MD. Early recognition and management of MD, along with collaboration between sports organizations and health professionals, are crucial to minimize risks, ensure proper nutrition, and balance training with recovery. Keeping an open discussion on the topic may prospectively improve awareness, early diagnosis, and treatment strategies, as well as reduce injury risk and enhance sports performance.
尽管运动对身心健康有益，但长期过度的训练负荷可能会导致健康问题，包括一系列广泛的月经功能障碍（MD）。本叙述性综述旨在分析青少年女运动员体育锻炼与月经功能障碍之间的关系，以支持定期的月经健康监测，并推广关于生殖风险的教育项目。在处理年轻运动员的月经功能障碍时，应考虑与下丘脑 - 垂体 - 卵巢轴成熟相关的几个因素。首先，由于训练强度大以及运动员过早进入竞技生涯，一些运动项目中月经功能障碍的患病率似乎较高。此外，低能量摄入和低体重指数似乎会加重现有的月经功能障碍。最后，饮食紊乱行为和心理压力可能导致女运动员出现月经功能障碍。运动类型会影响运动的强度和持续时间，以及个体心理生理和环境因素，可能会影响体育活动在月经功能障碍表现中的作用。早期识别和管理月经功能障碍，以及体育组织和健康专业人员之间的合作，对于将风险降至最低、确保适当营养以及平衡训练与恢复至关重要。就该话题展开公开讨论可能会前瞻性地提高认识、早期诊断和治疗策略，以及降低受伤风险并提高运动表现。
