Saltaouras Georgios, Kyrkili Athanasia, Bathrellou Eirini, Georgoulis Michael, Yannakoulia Mary, Bountziouka Vasiliki, Smrke Urška, Dimitrakopoulos George, Kontogianni Meropi D
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece.
Computer Simulation, Genomics and Data Analysis Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, 81400 Lemnos, Greece.
Children (Basel). 2024 Sep 7;11(9):1100. doi: 10.3390/children11091100.
Childhood overweight/obesity (OV/OB) is a major public health problem in Western countries, often accompanied with comorbidities (e.g., hypertension and insulin resistance) (i.e., metabolically unhealthy obesity-MUO). Among diet-related risk factors of OV/OB risk and MUO, meal patterns remain limitedly studied. The aim of this systematic review was to explore associations between meal patterns and the risk of childhood OV/OB and MUO in children/adolescents aged 2-19 years. Longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials from PUBMED and Scopus published between January 2013 and April 2024 were retrieved. Twenty-eight studies were included, all of which reported on OV/OB risk, with none on MUO risk. Regular consumption of breakfast ( = 3) and family meals ( = 4) and avoiding dining while watching TV ( = 4) may be protective factors against childhood OV/OB, whereas meal skipping (primarily breakfast; = 4) may be a detrimental factor. Mixed effects of meal frequency on OV/OB risk were observed; no effects of frequency of lunch or of fast-food consumption and of meals served at school were found. There was insufficient evidence to support the role of other patterns (meal timing, eating in other social contexts). Meals were mainly participant-identified, leading to increased heterogeneity. Research focusing on childhood MUO and the use of harmonised definitions regarding the assessment of meal patterns are highly warranted.
儿童超重/肥胖是西方国家的一个主要公共卫生问题，常伴有合并症（如高血压和胰岛素抵抗）（即代谢不健康肥胖-MUO）。在与饮食相关的超重/肥胖风险和MUO的危险因素中，进餐模式的研究仍然有限。本系统评价的目的是探讨2至19岁儿童/青少年的进餐模式与儿童超重/肥胖及MUO风险之间的关联。检索了2013年1月至2024年4月在PUBMED和Scopus上发表的纵向研究和随机对照试验。纳入了28项研究，所有研究均报告了超重/肥胖风险，无一项报告MUO风险。经常吃早餐（n = 3）、家庭聚餐（n = 4）和避免边看电视边吃饭（n = 4）可能是预防儿童超重/肥胖的保护因素，而不吃正餐（主要是早餐；n = 4）可能是一个有害因素。观察到进餐频率对超重/肥胖风险有混合影响；未发现午餐频率、快餐消费频率和学校用餐频率的影响。没有足够的证据支持其他模式（进餐时间、在其他社交场合进食）的作用。进餐模式主要由参与者自行确定，导致异质性增加。非常有必要开展针对儿童MUO的研究，并采用关于进餐模式评估的统一定义。
