Walek Josef, Odehnalová Adéla, Kocich Radim
Department of Metallurgical Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic.
ŽĎAS, a.s., Strojírenská 675/6, 591 01 Žďár nad Sázavou, Czech Republic.
Materials (Basel). 2024 Sep 20;17(18):4613. doi: 10.3390/ma17184613.
Improving the competitiveness of steel companies is linked to sustainable, quality-compliant steel production. Therefore, new steel production technologies contributing to increased cleanliness of steel are continuously being developed and optimized. One way to achieve a high steel quality is to use electro slag remelting (ESR) technology. In this paper, the principle of ESR technology and the importance of fused slags for optimizing the process are outlined. The aim of this work was to analyze the main thermophysical properties of steel and fused slags used in the ESR process. Determination of the properties of steel and slags was performed using the FactSage calculation software, which involved the calculation of the liquid and solid temperature of steel and slags, the calculation and construction of quaternary diagrams, and the calculation of viscosity. The resulting quaternary diagrams revealed the substantial influence of chemical composition on melting temperatures of slags. In order to validate the acquired results, a CrNiMoV-type steel was subjected to investigation of its metallographic cleanliness and evaluation of its mechanical properties; the ESR process was shown to significantly improve the cleanliness of the steel and improve the mechanical properties of the steel compared to its cleanliness and quality when produced via vacuum degassing (VD) technology. During the ESR process, the average size of non-metallic inclusions was reduced from 20 μm to 10 μm, and the maximum size of non-metallic inclusions was reduced from 50 μm to 28 μm. The mechanical properties of the steel produced using ESR technology were impacted as follows: the ductility increased by 10%, contraction increased by 18%, notched toughness at 20 °C increased by 46%, and at -40 °C (respectively -50 °C) it increased by 30%.
提高钢铁企业的竞争力与可持续的、符合质量要求的钢铁生产相关联。因此，有助于提高钢清洁度的新型钢铁生产技术不断得到开发和优化。实现高钢质量的一种方法是使用电渣重熔（ESR）技术。本文概述了ESR技术的原理以及熔渣对优化该工艺的重要性。这项工作的目的是分析ESR工艺中使用的钢和熔渣的主要热物理性质。使用FactSage计算软件对钢和熔渣的性质进行测定，其中包括计算钢和熔渣的液相和固相温度、计算和绘制四元相图以及计算粘度。所得的四元相图揭示了化学成分对熔渣熔化温度的重大影响。为了验证所获得的结果，对一种CrNiMoV型钢进行了金相清洁度研究和力学性能评估；结果表明，与通过真空脱气（VD）技术生产时相比，ESR工艺显著提高了钢的清洁度并改善了钢的力学性能。在ESR工艺过程中，非金属夹杂物的平均尺寸从20μm减小到10μm，非金属夹杂物的最大尺寸从50μm减小到28μm。采用ESR技术生产的钢的力学性能受到如下影响：伸长率提高了10%，断面收缩率提高了18%，20℃时的缺口韧性提高了46%，在-40℃（分别为-50℃）时提高了30%。
