Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117901 Moscow, Russia.
Molecules. 2024 Sep 18;29(18):4433. doi: 10.3390/molecules29184433.
Redox metabolism is an integral part of the glutathione system, encompassing reduced and oxidized glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, and associated enzymes. This core process orchestrates a network of thiol antioxidants like thioredoxins and peroxiredoxins, alongside critical thiol-containing proteins such as mercaptoalbumin. Modifications to thiol-containing proteins, including oxidation and glutathionylation, regulate cellular signaling influencing gene activities in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Analyzing thiol antioxidants, especially glutathione, in biological fluids offers insights into pathological conditions. This review discusses the analytical methods for biothiol determination, mainly in blood plasma. The study includes all key methodological aspects of spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry, highlighting their principles, benefits, limitations, and recent advancements that were not included in previously published reviews. Sample preparation and factors affecting thiol antioxidant measurements are discussed. The review reveals that the choice of analytical procedures should be based on the specific requirements of the research. Spectrophotometric methods are simple and cost-effective but may need more specificity. Chromatographic techniques have excellent separation capabilities but require longer analysis times. Electrochemical methods enable real-time monitoring but have disadvantages such as interference. Mass spectrometry-based approaches have high sensitivity and selectivity but require sophisticated instrumentation. Combining multiple techniques can provide comprehensive information on thiol antioxidant levels in biological fluids, enabling clearer insights into their roles in health and disease. This review covers the time span from 2010 to mid-2024, and the data were obtained from the SciFinder (ACS), Google Scholar (Google), PubMed, and ScienceDirect (Scopus) databases through a combination search approach using keywords.
氧化还原代谢是谷胱甘肽系统的一个组成部分，包括还原型和氧化型谷胱甘肽、过氧化氢和相关酶。这个核心过程协调了一个硫醇抗氧化剂网络，如硫氧还蛋白和过氧化物酶，以及关键的含硫醇蛋白，如巯基白蛋白。含硫醇蛋白的修饰，包括氧化和谷胱甘肽化，调节细胞信号转导，影响炎症和癌变中的基因活性。分析生物体液中的硫醇抗氧化剂，特别是谷胱甘肽，可以深入了解病理状况。本综述讨论了生物硫醇测定的分析方法，主要是在血浆中。该研究包括光谱学、色谱法、电化学和质谱法的所有关键方法学方面，强调了它们的原理、优点、局限性以及以前的综述中未包含的最新进展。讨论了样品制备和影响硫醇抗氧化剂测量的因素。综述表明，分析程序的选择应基于研究的具体要求。分光光度法简单且具有成本效益，但可能需要更高的特异性。色谱技术具有出色的分离能力，但需要更长的分析时间。电化学方法能够实时监测，但存在干扰等缺点。基于质谱的方法具有高灵敏度和选择性，但需要复杂的仪器。结合多种技术可以提供生物体液中硫醇抗氧化剂水平的综合信息，更清楚地了解它们在健康和疾病中的作用。本综述涵盖了 2010 年至 2024 年年中这段时间，数据是通过使用关键字的组合搜索方法从 SciFinder（ACS）、Google Scholar（Google）、PubMed 和 ScienceDirect（Scopus）数据库中获得的。
