Seago Elayna R, Davy Brenda M, Davy Kevin P, Katz Ben
Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2025 Jun;125(6):785-795.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.09.012. Epub 2024 Sep 26.
Numerous studies have examined the association between neuroprotective diets and cognitive function during aging; however, these studies have produced divergent findings. Some studies find that greater adherence to these dietary patterns is associated with preserved cognition, whereas others find no effect.
The aim of this study was to examine the association of the Mediterranean, the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegeneration Delay (MIND) dietary patterns with global cognition over 4 waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal panel study conducted at the University of Michigan.
This is a longitudinal secondary data analysis using Health and Retirement Study data drawn from the Food Frequency Questionnaire completed as part of the Health Care and Nutrition Survey administered in 2013 to 2014, neuropsychological assessment data obtained from the Core questionnaire in 2014, 2016, 2018, and 2020, and demographic data from the Core questionnaire in 2014.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Participants with total daily energy intake below 600 or 800 kcal and above 6000 and 8000 kcal for women and men, respectively, were excluded based on criteria from a similar study using the same dataset. In addition, participants with a diagnosis of dementia, Alzheimer disease, or stroke as of 2014 were excluded. There were 6154 participants in the Mediterranean diet and DASH diet analyses and 5143 participants in the MIND diet analyses.
A global cognitive measure incorporating immediate and delayed recall, serial 7s, and backward counting scores was calculated for each participant at each wave.
The primary analyses examined the association between each diet type and cognition over 4 waves using separate multilevel models that controlled for age, gender, self-rated health, years of education, total energy intake, weekly exercise, and body mass index.
Mediterranean and DASH diet adherence were positively and significantly associated with baseline cognition and were associated with slower cognitive decline over a 6-year period. MIND diet adherence was positively and significantly correlated with baseline cognition but was not significantly associated with slower cognitive decline over a 6-year period. Cross-level interactions for adherence to each dietary pattern and cognitive change over time, computed with standardized diet scores, were as follows: Mediterranean diet (β = .03; P = .002), DASH diet (β = .04; P = .004), and MIND diet (β = .02; P = .094).
The Mediterranean, DASH, and MIND dietary patterns are associated with better cognitive performance at baseline and the Mediterranean and DASH diets were associated with slower cognitive decline over time. Adherence to the DASH diet had the greatest magnitude of association with baseline cognition and rate of cognitive change.
众多研究探讨了神经保护饮食与衰老过程中认知功能之间的关联；然而，这些研究结果不一。一些研究发现，更严格遵循这些饮食模式与认知功能的维持有关，而另一些研究则未发现有此效果。
本研究旨在利用密歇根大学开展的一项纵向面板研究——健康与退休研究中的4波数据，探讨地中海饮食模式、得舒饮食模式（DASH）以及延缓神经退行性变的地中海-得舒干预饮食模式（MIND）与整体认知的关联。
这是一项纵向二次数据分析，使用的数据来自健康与退休研究，包括2013年至2014年进行的医疗保健与营养调查中完成的食物频率问卷、2014年、2016年、2018年和2020年从核心问卷中获得的神经心理学评估数据，以及2014年核心问卷中的人口统计学数据。
参与者/研究背景：根据一项使用相同数据集的类似研究标准，分别排除了女性每日总能量摄入低于600千卡或800千卡、男性每日总能量摄入高于6000千卡或8000千卡的参与者。此外，排除了截至2014年被诊断患有痴呆症、阿尔茨海默病或中风的参与者。地中海饮食分析和得舒饮食分析中有6154名参与者，MIND饮食分析中有5143名参与者。
在每一波次为每位参与者计算一项综合即时和延迟回忆、连续减7以及倒数得分的整体认知指标。
主要分析使用单独的多水平模型，在控制年龄、性别、自我评估健康状况、受教育年限、总能量摄入、每周运动量和体重指数的情况下，考察每种饮食类型与4波次认知之间的关联。
地中海饮食和得舒饮食的依从性与基线认知呈显著正相关，且与6年期间较慢的认知衰退有关。MIND饮食的依从性与基线认知呈显著正相关，但与6年期间较慢的认知衰退无显著关联。使用标准化饮食得分计算的每种饮食模式依从性与随时间认知变化的跨水平交互作用如下：地中海饮食（β = 0.03；P = 0.002），得舒饮食（β = 0.04；P = 0.004），以及MIND饮食（β = 0.02；P = 0.094）。
地中海饮食模式、得舒饮食模式和MIND饮食模式与基线时更好的认知表现相关，地中海饮食和得舒饮食与随时间较慢的认知衰退相关。得舒饮食的依从性与基线认知及认知变化率的关联程度最大。
