Atif Ilham, Touloun Oulaid, Boussaa Samia
Polyvalent Team of Research and Development (EPVRD), Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, 23000, Morocco.
Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Techniques (ISPITS), Ministry of health, Rabat, 4502, Morocco.
Gut Pathog. 2024 Sep 29;16(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s13099-024-00645-5.
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, has the unsettling ability to infect nearly every warm-blooded vertebrate. When transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, it can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis in newborns, which may have severe and even fatal outcomes. Moreover, this parasite is a significant cause of reproductive issues in cattle. The aim of this literature review was to compile and synthesize information on the epidemiology and clinical features of naturally occurring Toxoplasma gondii infections in both humans and animals, as well as to assess the occurrence of oocysts in the environmental matrices in Morocco. To achieve these objectives, data were sourced from four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A total of 32 articles published between January 1, 2000, and January 31, 2024, met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicated that the seroprevalence of T. gondii among pregnant women varied by city and appeared to be lower in drier climates. The study identified several risk factors associated with T. gondii infection among women in Morocco, including direct contact with soil, failure to wash fruits and vegetables before eating, limited education, and reliance on well water for drinking. Moreover, there is a limited amount of serological data on T. gondii in animals. In Morocco, the prevalence of this parasite can reach up to 30% in sheep, while it stands at 8.5% in cattle and goats. Leafy greens are particularly prone to hosting pathogens and are associated with foodborne outbreaks. In Morocco, the prevalence of T. gondii in leafy vegetables is around 16%, although soil analyses have not found any oocysts. This review offers a thorough epidemiological overview of T. gondii infections in Morocco, serving as a valuable resource for researchers and aiding in the development of control and prevention programs.
弓形虫病由刚地弓形虫引起，具有令人不安的能力，几乎能感染每一种温血脊椎动物。在孕期从母亲传播给胎儿时，它可导致新生儿先天性弓形虫病，这可能会产生严重甚至致命的后果。此外，这种寄生虫是牛繁殖问题的一个重要原因。这篇文献综述的目的是汇编和综合关于人类和动物自然发生的刚地弓形虫感染的流行病学和临床特征的信息，以及评估摩洛哥环境基质中卵囊的出现情况。为实现这些目标，数据来自四个电子数据库：PubMed、科学网、Scopus和谷歌学术。共有32篇在2000年1月1日至2024年1月31日期间发表的文章符合纳入标准。研究结果表明，孕妇中弓形虫的血清阳性率因城市而异，在气候较干燥的地区似乎较低。该研究确定了摩洛哥女性中与弓形虫感染相关的几个风险因素，包括直接接触土壤、食用前未清洗水果和蔬菜、教育程度有限以及依赖井水饮用。此外，关于动物弓形虫的血清学数据有限。在摩洛哥，这种寄生虫在绵羊中的流行率可达30%，而在牛和山羊中为8.5%。绿叶蔬菜特别容易携带病原体，并与食源性疾病暴发有关。在摩洛哥，绿叶蔬菜中弓形虫的流行率约为16%，尽管土壤分析未发现任何卵囊。这篇综述提供了摩洛哥弓形虫感染的全面流行病学概述，是研究人员的宝贵资源，并有助于制定控制和预防计划。
