Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
USA Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Building 1001, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
Res Vet Sci. 2021 Mar;135:371-385. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.019. Epub 2020 Oct 24.
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution and importance. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the only species in the Toxoplasma genus. This parasite can infect most warm-blooded animals, including humans and livestock. Main routes of transmission are by ingestion of tissue cysts in raw or undercooked meat of infected animals, ingestion of raw vegetables or water contaminated with T. gondii oocysts from cat feces, and transplacental. Around one-third of human beings are chronically infected with T. gondii. Most infections appear to be asymptomatic in immunocompetent persons, but toxoplasmosis can be fatal to the fetus and immunocompromised adults. Water and foodborne outbreaks have been caused by this parasite worldwide, but few are well documented. Importantly, T. gondii is a parasite of high importance in animal health, causing reproductive failure, particularly in small ruminants, and clinical toxoplasmosis in many species. This overview discusses the knowledge of T. gondii infections in the last decade focusing on the foodborne transmission of this parasite.
弓形虫病是一种分布广泛且具有重要意义的人畜共患病。它是由原生动物寄生虫弓形虫引起的，弓形虫是弓形虫属中唯一的物种。这种寄生虫可以感染大多数温血动物，包括人类和牲畜。主要传播途径是食用感染动物的生肉或未煮熟的肉中的组织囊肿，食用受猫粪便中弓形虫卵囊污染的生蔬菜或水，以及胎盘传播。大约三分之一的人类患有慢性弓形虫病。在免疫功能正常的人群中，大多数感染似乎没有症状，但弓形虫病对胎儿和免疫功能低下的成年人可能是致命的。这种寄生虫已在全球范围内引起水传播和食源性疾病暴发，但很少有得到很好的记录。重要的是，弓形虫是动物健康中一种非常重要的寄生虫，会导致生殖失败，特别是在小反刍动物中，以及许多物种的临床弓形虫病。这篇综述讨论了过去十年中对弓形虫感染的认识，重点是这种寄生虫的食源性传播。
