Pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic, and therapeutic potential of microvesicles in diabetes and its complications.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), particularly microvesicles (MVs), have gained significant attention for their role as mediators of intercellular communication in both physiological and pathological contexts, including diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the emerging roles of MVs in the pathogenesis of diabetes and associated complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, and neuropathy. MVs, through their cargo of proteins, lipids, mRNAs, and miRNAs, regulate critical processes like inflammation, oxidative stress, immune responses, and tissue remodeling, all of which contribute to the progression of diabetes and its complications. We examine the molecular mechanisms underlying MVs' involvement in these pathological processes and discuss their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic tools, particularly for drug delivery. Despite promising evidence, challenges remain in isolating and characterizing MVs, understanding their molecular mechanisms, and validating them for clinical use. Advanced techniques such as single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics are required to gain deeper insights. Improved isolation and purification methods are essential for translating MVs into clinical applications, with potential to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes in diabetes.