Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, Center of Research, Development and Innovation in Health - Aconcagua Valley, San Felipe Campus, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Valparaíso, 2172972 San Felipe, Chile.
Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
Mol Aspects Med. 2018 Apr;60:81-91. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.11.010. Epub 2017 Nov 26.
Cell-to-cell communication happens via diverse mechanisms including the synthesis, release and transfer to target cells of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs include nanovesicles (i.e., exosomes) and microvesicles, including apoptotic bodies. The amount and cargo of released EVs, which consist of microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNA, proteins, DNA, among other molecules, are altered in obesity and diabetes mellitus. EVs from these diseases show with altered cargo including several miRNAs and the enrichment with molecules involved in inflammation, immune efficiency, and cell activation. The role of EVs in obesity regards with adipocytes-released vesicles that may end in a systemic insulin resistance. In diabetes mellitus, the exosomes cargo may signal to transform a normal phenotype into a diabetic phenotype in endothelial cells. The evidence of EVs as modulators of cell function is increasing; however, it is still unclear whether exosomes or microvesicles are a trustable and useful marker for the diagnose or early detection of obesity or diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarise the reported information regarding EVs involvement in obesity, T1 and T2 diabetes mellitus, and gestational diabetes mellitus. We emphasise the fact that studies addressing a potential effect of obesity or diabetes mellitus on cell function and the severity of the diseases are done in patients suffering simultaneously with both of these diseases, i.e., diabesity. Unfortunately, the lack of information regarding the biological effects and the potential involved mechanisms makes difficult to understand the role of the EVs as a marker of these and perhaps other diseases.
细胞间通讯通过多种机制发生，包括细胞外囊泡（EVs）的合成、释放和转移到靶细胞。EVs 包括纳米囊泡（即外泌体）和微囊泡，包括凋亡小体。肥胖和糖尿病患者释放的 EVs 的数量和 cargo 发生了变化，其中包括 microRNAs（miRNAs）、mRNA、蛋白质、DNA 等分子。这些疾病的 EVs 显示 cargo 发生改变，包括几种 miRNAs 和与炎症、免疫效率和细胞激活相关的分子富集。EVs 在肥胖中的作用与脂肪细胞释放的囊泡有关，这些囊泡可能导致全身胰岛素抵抗。在糖尿病中，外泌体 cargo 可能会发出信号，将正常表型转变为内皮细胞的糖尿病表型。EVs 作为细胞功能调节剂的证据正在增加；然而，尚不清楚外泌体或微囊泡是否是肥胖或糖尿病的诊断或早期检测的可靠和有用的标志物。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于 EVs 在肥胖、T1 和 T2 糖尿病以及妊娠糖尿病中的参与的报告信息。我们强调了这样一个事实，即研究肥胖或糖尿病对细胞功能和疾病严重程度的潜在影响是在同时患有这两种疾病的患者中进行的，即糖尿病肥胖症。不幸的是，关于肥胖或糖尿病对细胞功能和潜在机制的生物学影响的信息缺乏，使得难以理解 EVs 作为这些疾病甚至其他疾病的标志物的作用。
