Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia.
Water, Health and Applied Microbiology Lab (WHAM Lab), Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
Water Res. 2024 Nov 15;266:122284. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122284. Epub 2024 Aug 20.
Traditional methods for monitoring pathogens in environmental waters have numerous drawbacks. Sampling approaches that are low-cost and time efficient that can capture temporal variation in microbial contamination are needed. Passive sampling of aquatic environments has shown promise as an alternative water monitoring technique for waterborne pathogens and microbial contaminants. The present systematic review aimed to compile and synthesize existing literature on the use of passive samplers for the monitoring of microbes in different water sources and identify research gaps. The review summarizes current knowledge on materials used for detection, deployment durations, analytical methods, quantification as well as benefits and limitations of passive sampling. This review found that electronegative nitrocellulose membrane filters are effective for both detection and quantification of viruses in wastewater, while gauze passive samplers have been effective for detecting bacterial targets in wastewater. There is a large knowledge gap in the use of passive samplers in a quantitative manner, especially for the back-calculation of water-column microbial concentrations or for correlation to outcomes of interest (e.g. prevalence rates). Further, there is very limited attention paid to the use of membrane filters for the monitoring of bacteria in any water source as well as a lack of studies utilizing passive sampling approaches for protozoa.
传统的环境水样病原体监测方法存在诸多弊端。需要开发成本低廉、耗时少且能够捕捉微生物污染时间变化的采样方法。水生态环境的被动采样已经显示出作为替代的水质监测技术，用于监测水中的病原体和微生物污染物。本系统评价旨在汇总和综合现有的关于使用被动采样器监测不同水源中微生物的文献，并确定研究空白。该综述总结了用于检测的材料、部署时间、分析方法、定量以及被动采样的优势和局限性的当前知识。本综述发现，带负电荷的硝酸纤维素膜过滤器对废水中病毒的检测和定量都非常有效，而纱布被动采样器已被证明可有效检测废水中的细菌靶标。在以定量方式使用被动采样器方面存在很大的知识空白，特别是对于水柱微生物浓度的反向计算或与感兴趣的结果（例如流行率）的相关性。此外，很少关注膜过滤器在任何水源中监测细菌的用途，也缺乏利用被动采样方法监测原生动物的研究。
