Non-gonadal expression of piRNAs is widespread across Arthropoda.

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) were discovered in the early 2000s and became known for their role in protecting the germline genome against mobile genetic elements. Successively, piRNAs were also detected in the somatic cells of gonads in multiple animal species. In recent years, piRNAs have been reported in non-gonadal tissues in various arthropods, contrary to the initial assumptions of piRNAs being exclusive to gonads. Here, we performed an extensive literature review, which revealed that reports on non-gonadal somatic piRNA expression are not limited to a few specific species. Instead, when multiple studies are considered collectively, it appears to be a widespread phenomenon across arthropods. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed 168 publicly available small RNA-seq datasets from diverse tissues in 17 species, which further supported the bibliographic reports that piRNAs are expressed across tissues and species in Arthropoda.