Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) - Volcani Institute, Rishon Lezion, Israel.
Molecular Systems Biology Lab (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Physiol Plant. 2024 Sep-Oct;176(5):e14544. doi: 10.1111/ppl.14544.
Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a primary dietary staple food for humanity. Many wheat genetic resources with variable genomes have a record of domestication history and are widespread throughout the world. To develop elite wheat varieties, agronomical and stress-responsive trait characterization is foremost for evaluating existing germplasm to promote breeding. However, genomic complexity is one of the primary impediments to trait mining and characterization. Multiple reference genomes and cutting-edge technologies like haplotype mapping, genomic selection, precise gene editing tools, high-throughput phenotyping platforms, high-efficiency genetic transformation systems, and speed-breeding facilities are transforming wheat functional genomics research to understand the genomic diversity of polyploidy. This review focuses on the research achievements in wheat genomics, the available omics approaches, and bioinformatic resources developed in the past decades. Advances in genomics and system biology approaches are highlighted to circumvent bottlenecks in genomic and phenotypic selection, as well as gene transfer. In addition, we propose conducting precise functional genomic studies and developing sustainable breeding strategies for wheat. These developments in understanding wheat traits have speed up the creation of high-yielding, stress-resistant, and nutritionally enhanced wheat varieties, which will help in addressing global food security and agricultural sustainability in the era of climate change.
小麦（Triticum spp.）是人类的主要主食之一。许多具有可变基因组的小麦遗传资源都有驯化历史的记录，并且分布广泛。为了培育出优良的小麦品种，农艺学和应激响应性状的特征描述是评估现有种质资源以促进育种的首要任务。然而，基因组的复杂性是挖掘和描述性状的主要障碍之一。多个参考基因组和前沿技术，如单倍型图谱、基因组选择、精确的基因编辑工具、高通量表型平台、高效的遗传转化系统和快速繁殖设施，正在改变小麦功能基因组学研究，以了解多倍体的基因组多样性。本综述重点介绍了过去几十年中在小麦基因组学、可用的组学方法和生物信息学资源方面的研究成果。强调了基因组学和系统生物学方法的进展，以克服基因组和表型选择以及基因转移的瓶颈。此外，我们建议进行精确的功能基因组研究，并制定可持续的小麦育种策略。这些对小麦性状的理解的发展加快了高产、抗逆和营养增强小麦品种的培育，这将有助于应对气候变化时代的全球粮食安全和农业可持续性。
