Airborne antibiotic resistome from sludge dewatering systems: Mobility, pathogen accessibility, cross-media migration propensity, impacting factors, and risks.

Bioaerosol contamination was considered as a potential health threat in sludge dewatering systems (SDSs), while emission and risk of airborne antibiotic resistome remain largely unclear. Herein, seasonal investigations of fine particulate matter (PM) were conducted using metagenomics-based methods within and around different SDSs, together with an analysis of sewage sludge. Featured with evident seasonality, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in SDS-PM also possessed greater accumulation, transfer, and pathogen accessibility than those in ambient air PM. Mobile ARGs in SDS-PM mainly encoded resistance to tetracycline, and most were flanked by integrase. Some pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria (PARB), including Enterobacter asburiae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus aureus, also carried mobile genetic elements in SDS-PM. Dewatering behavior actuated > 50.56% of ARG subtypes and > 42.86% of PARB in sewage sludge to aerosolize into air. Relative humidity, temperature, and PM concentration collectively drove the evolution of bacterial community and indirectly promoted the antibiotic resistance of SDS-PM. SDS-PM posed more serious resistome risks than sewage sludge and ambient air PM, and the highest levels were discovered in winter. These findings underline the role of dewatering behavior in facilitating resistome's aerosolization, and the need to mitigate this potential air pollution.