Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Neuroimage Clin. 2024;44:103674. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103674. Epub 2024 Sep 19.
Deficits in several cognitive domains are prevalent in men with Klinefelter Syndrome (KS). Verbal deficits are among the most characteristic cognitive impairments of KS, yet other cognitive domains also exhibit deficits. Executive functions, especially working memory capacity and inhibitory control, are frequently affected as well. A common limitation of previous studies addressing potential deficits in inhibitory control is their potential conflation with language-related capabilities, as for example is the case with the Stroop task. Importantly, none of the prior studies utilized the best-accepted approach to study inhibition, namely the Stop Signal Task (SST). This study therefore tested for deficits in inhibitory control in individuals with KS and controls (HC) using a version of the SST with non-semantic auditory stimuli. In addition to the classic behavioral performance measures (e.g., the go reaction time, stopping accuracy, or stop signal reaction time), we also derived parameters of inhibition and attention from electromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), and Bayesian modeling. Men with KS exhibited prolonged stopping latencies (i.e., stop signal reaction times) and reduced stopping accuracies. Yet, whereas these model-based indices were indicative of attenuated inhibitory control, neither event-related brain potentials nor an EMG-measure of the stopping latency confirmed such deficits. Behavioral and EEG indices, however, provided evidence for deficits in motor response preparation and generation, as well as the early processing of auditory stimuli. In sum, the overall pattern of results does not support the existence of inhibitory deficits in KS per se, but rather suggests that behavioral indices of impaired inhibition may result from early low-level deficits in the auditory and motor domains, as well as a differential weighting in the processing of different aspects of the task.
克氏综合征（KS）患者存在多个认知领域的缺陷。语言缺陷是 KS 最典型的认知障碍之一，但其他认知领域也存在缺陷。执行功能，尤其是工作记忆容量和抑制控制，也经常受到影响。之前研究抑制控制潜在缺陷的一个常见局限性是它们可能与语言相关的能力混淆，例如 Stroop 任务的情况。重要的是，之前的研究都没有采用研究抑制的最佳方法，即停止信号任务（SST）。因此，本研究使用非语义听觉刺激的 SST 版本，测试了 KS 患者和对照组（HC）的抑制控制缺陷。除了经典的行为表现测量（例如，Go 反应时间、停止准确性或停止信号反应时间）外，我们还从肌电图（EMG）、脑电图（EEG）和贝叶斯建模中得出了抑制和注意力的参数。KS 男性的停止潜伏期（即停止信号反应时间）延长，停止准确性降低。然而，虽然这些基于模型的指标表明抑制控制减弱，但事件相关脑电位和停止潜伏期的 EMG 测量均未证实存在这种缺陷。然而，行为和 EEG 指标提供了证据表明运动反应准备和产生以及听觉刺激的早期处理存在缺陷。总的来说，结果的整体模式不支持 KS 本身存在抑制缺陷，而是表明行为抑制受损的指标可能是由于听觉和运动领域的早期低级缺陷，以及对任务不同方面的处理存在差异权重。
