Ahmadi Shokoufeh, Yazdi Farzaneh, Khastar Sahar, Kaur Irwanjot, Ahmed Mareb Hamed, Kumar Abhishek, Rathore Gulshan, Kaur Parjinder, Shahsavan Mohammad, Dehghani-Ghorbi Mahmoud, Akhavan-Sigari Reza
Department of Microbiology, Rabe'Rashidi University, Tabriz, Iran.
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Cell Biochem Biophys. 2025 Mar;83(1):229-245. doi: 10.1007/s12013-024-01535-y. Epub 2024 Oct 5.
Although the number of breast cancer deaths has decreased, and there have been developments in targeted therapies and combination treatments for the management of metastatic illness, metastatic breast cancer is still the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in U.S. women. Numerous phases and a vast number of proteins and signaling molecules are involved in the invasion-metastasis cascade. The tumor cells penetrate and enter the blood or lymphatic vessels, and travel to distant organs via the lymphatic or blood vessels. Tumor cells enter cell cycle arrest, adhere to capillary beds in the target organ, and then disseminate throughout the organ's parenchyma, proliferating and enhancing angiogenesis. Each of these processes is regulated by changes in the expression of different genes, in which lncRNAs play a role in this regulation. Transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides and do not translate into proteins are called RNAs. LncRNA molecules, whose function depends on their unique molecular structure, play significant roles in controlling the expression of genes at various epigenetic levels, transcription, and so on. LncRNAs have essential functions in regulating the expression of genes linked to cell development in healthy and pathological processes, specialization, programmed cell death, cell division, invasion, DNA damage, and spread to other parts of the body. A number of cancer types have been shown to exhibit aberrant expression of lncRNAs. In this review, we describe the general characteristics, potential molecular mechanisms and targeted therapy of lncRNAs and discuss the emerging functions of lncRNAs in breast cancer.
尽管乳腺癌死亡人数有所下降，并且在转移性疾病的靶向治疗和联合治疗方面取得了进展，但转移性乳腺癌仍是美国女性癌症相关死亡的第二大常见原因。侵袭转移级联反应涉及众多阶段以及大量蛋白质和信号分子。肿瘤细胞穿透并进入血管或淋巴管，然后通过淋巴管或血管转移至远处器官。肿瘤细胞进入细胞周期停滞状态，黏附于靶器官的毛细血管床，随后在整个器官实质内播散，增殖并促进血管生成。这些过程中的每一个都受到不同基因表达变化的调控，其中长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）在这种调控中发挥作用。长度超过200个核苷酸且不翻译成蛋白质的转录本被称为RNA。lncRNA分子的功能取决于其独特的分子结构，在各种表观遗传水平、转录等方面控制基因表达中发挥重要作用。lncRNA在健康和病理过程中调节与细胞发育、特化、程序性细胞死亡、细胞分裂、侵袭、DNA损伤以及扩散至身体其他部位相关基因的表达方面具有重要功能。已表明多种癌症类型存在lncRNA的异常表达。在本综述中，我们描述了lncRNA的一般特征、潜在分子机制和靶向治疗，并讨论了lncRNA在乳腺癌中的新功能。
