University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Curr Opin Psychol. 2024 Dec;60:101919. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101919. Epub 2024 Sep 25.
Human behavior is heavily influenced by social norms. But when and how do norms persist or change? Complementing work on the role of top-down factors in the enforcement of normative behavior (e.g., sanctioning systems, organizational culture, formal leadership, corrective actions), I introduce a model of bottom-up influences on norm development. I argue that the trajectories of social norms are shaped by behavioral responses of observers to emergent norm violations. Research on such responses can be categorized in three broad clusters that have distinct implications for norm development. Oppositional responses to norm violations (punishment, confrontation, gossip, whistleblowing, derogation, social exclusion, emotional condemnation) discourage future transgressions, thereby contributing to norm maintenance. Acquiescent responses (avoidance, tolerance) leave room for future violations, thereby contributing to norm erosion. Supportive responses (emulation, endorsement) encourage future deviance and facilitate the spreading of counternormative behavior, thereby catalyzing norm change. By linking micro-level norm violations to macro-level normative systems, this approach illuminates how norms are dynamically negotiated through social interaction.
人的行为深受社会规范的影响。但是，规范何时以及如何得以维持或改变呢？除了研究规范行为执行中自上而下因素的作用（例如，制裁制度、组织文化、正式领导、纠正措施），我还引入了一个关于规范发展的自下而上影响的模型。我认为，社会规范的轨迹是由观察者对新出现的规范违反行为的行为反应塑造的。对这些反应的研究可以分为三个广泛的类别，它们对规范发展有不同的影响。对规范违反行为的反对性反应（惩罚、对抗、八卦、举报、诋毁、社会排斥、情感谴责）阻止了未来的违规行为，从而有助于规范的维持。默许的反应（回避、容忍）为未来的违规行为留出了空间，从而导致规范的侵蚀。支持性的反应（效仿、认可）鼓励未来的偏差行为，并促进反规范行为的传播，从而促进规范的改变。通过将微观层面的规范违反与宏观层面的规范系统联系起来，这种方法阐明了规范是如何通过社会互动来进行动态协商的。
