Center for Cultural Evolution, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden.
Nat Commun. 2021 Mar 5;12(1):1481. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21602-9.
Norm enforcement may be important for resolving conflicts and promoting cooperation. However, little is known about how preferred responses to norm violations vary across cultures and across domains. In a preregistered study of 57 countries (using convenience samples of 22,863 students and non-students), we measured perceptions of the appropriateness of various responses to a violation of a cooperative norm and to atypical social behaviors. Our findings highlight both cultural universals and cultural variation. We find a universal negative relation between appropriateness ratings of norm violations and appropriateness ratings of responses in the form of confrontation, social ostracism and gossip. Moreover, we find the country variation in the appropriateness of sanctions to be consistent across different norm violations but not across different sanctions. Specifically, in those countries where use of physical confrontation and social ostracism is rated as less appropriate, gossip is rated as more appropriate.
规范执行对于解决冲突和促进合作可能很重要。然而，我们对于不同文化和领域对违反规范的偏好反应有何不同知之甚少。在一项针对 57 个国家的预先注册研究中（使用 22863 名学生和非学生的便利样本），我们测量了对违反合作规范和非典型社会行为的各种反应的适当性的看法。我们的研究结果既强调了文化的普遍性，也强调了文化的多样性。我们发现，违反规范的适当性评分与对抗、社会排斥和八卦等形式的反应的适当性评分之间存在普遍的负相关关系。此外，我们发现制裁的适当性在不同规范违反中的国家差异与不同制裁中是一致的。具体来说，在那些将身体对抗和社会排斥评为不太适当的国家，八卦被评为更适当。
