Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neurobiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Neuroimmunomodulation. 2024;31(1):211-229. doi: 10.1159/000541592. Epub 2024 Oct 4.
From the original studies investigating the effects of adrenal gland secretion to modern high-throughput multidimensional analyses, stress research has been a topic of scientific interest spanning just over a century.
The objective of this review was to provide historical context for influential discoveries, surprising findings, and preclinical models in stress-related neuroimmune research. Furthermore, we summarize this work and present a current understanding of the stress pathways and their effects on the immune system and behavior. We focus on recent work demonstrating stress-induced immune changes within the brain and highlight studies investigating stress effects on microglia. Lastly, we conclude with potential areas for future investigation concerning microglia heterogeneity, bone marrow niches, and sex differences.
Stress is a phenomenon that ties together not only the central and peripheral nervous system, but the immune system as well. The cumulative effects of stress can enhance or suppress immune function, based on the intensity and duration of the stressor. These stress-induced immune alterations are associated with neurobiological changes, including structural remodeling of neurons and decreased neurogenesis, and these contribute to the development of behavioral and cognitive deficits. As such, research in this field has revealed important insights into neuroimmune communication as well as molecular and cellular mediators of complex behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders.
从最初研究肾上腺分泌作用的研究，到现代高通量多维分析，应激研究一直是一个跨越一个多世纪的科学研究课题。
本综述的目的是为应激相关神经免疫研究中具有影响力的发现、令人惊讶的发现和临床前模型提供历史背景。此外，我们总结了这方面的工作，并提出了目前对应激途径及其对免疫系统和行为影响的理解。我们重点介绍了最近的研究，这些研究表明了应激引起的大脑中的免疫变化，并强调了研究应激对小胶质细胞影响的研究。最后，我们以小胶质细胞异质性、骨髓龛和性别差异等未来潜在研究领域为结论。
应激是一种现象，它不仅将中枢和外周神经系统联系在一起，还将免疫系统联系在一起。应激的累积效应可以根据应激源的强度和持续时间增强或抑制免疫功能。这些应激诱导的免疫改变与神经生物学变化有关，包括神经元结构重塑和神经发生减少，这些变化导致行为和认知缺陷的发展。因此，该领域的研究揭示了神经免疫通讯以及与精神疾病相关的复杂行为的分子和细胞介质的重要见解。
