Heinke Lars, Javanmardi Sasha, Rappelt Ludwig, Konrad Andreas, Schleip Robert, Knicker Axel J, Freiwald Jürgen, Baumgart Christian
Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Front Physiol. 2024 Sep 23;15:1432009. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1432009. eCollection 2024.
Athletic training requires both challenging stimuli for adaptation and sufficient recovery for improved performance. While cold water immersion (CWI) is already a popular recovery method, handheld percussive massage (PM) devices have also gained popularity in recent years. This study aims to assess the effects of CWI and PM on performance recovery after strenuous eccentric exercises compared to a passive rest (PR) control condition.
Thirty-four healthy physically active participants (9 females, 25 males) were randomly divided into three groups: CWI (n = 11), PM (n = 11), and passive rest (PR) (n = 12). They underwent an exhausting eccentric exercise protocol and different measurements at six time points (baseline, POST1, POST2, POST24, POST48, and POST72) over the time course of 72 h. These included subjective assessments of muscle soreness and perceived stiffness as well as measures of skin temperature, leg volume, creatine kinase activity, and three different jump tests. The eccentric exercise protocol consisted of 15 min downhill running (slope: 12%, speed: 10 km/h) and 3 sets of successive depth jumps (dropping height: 0.5 m) until individual exhaustion. After POST1 measurements, participants received 12 min of either CWI (11 ± 0.5°C), PM (40 Hz) or PR (supine posture).
No significant group effects were found for the number of depth jumps performed during the exhaustion protocol. All jump tests displayed a significant group × time interaction effect. Post-hoc analysis indicated significant lower jump heights in ΔPOST2 between CWI and both PM and PR. No other significant group effects were observed at any time point. No significant group × time interaction effects were noted for CK, leg volume, and soreness. The perceived stiffness showed a significant group × time interaction effect. Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant decrease in stiffness for PM compared to PR at ΔPOST2.
Neither CWI nor PM showed any significant improvement in performance recovery over the 72-h period following strenuous eccentric exercise compared to PR. CWI showed an immediate performance decline which may be attributed to a cold-related reduction in motor nerve conduction velocity.
运动训练既需要具有挑战性的刺激来促进适应，也需要足够的恢复来提高运动表现。虽然冷水浸泡（CWI）已经是一种流行的恢复方法，但手持冲击式按摩（PM）设备近年来也越来越受欢迎。本研究旨在评估与被动休息（PR）对照条件相比，CWI和PM对剧烈离心运动后运动表现恢复的影响。
34名健康的体育锻炼参与者（9名女性，25名男性）被随机分为三组：CWI组（n = 11）、PM组（n = 11）和被动休息（PR）组（n = 12）。他们在72小时的时间过程中，在六个时间点（基线、POST1、POST2、POST24、POST48和POST72）进行了一项疲劳性离心运动方案和不同的测量。这些测量包括肌肉酸痛和感知僵硬程度的主观评估，以及皮肤温度、腿部体积、肌酸激酶活性的测量，还有三种不同的跳跃测试。离心运动方案包括15分钟的下坡跑（坡度：12%，速度：10公里/小时）和3组连续的深度跳跃（下落高度：0.5米），直到个体疲劳。在POST1测量后，参与者接受12分钟的CWI（11±0.5°C）、PM（40赫兹）或PR（仰卧姿势）。
在疲劳方案中进行的深度跳跃次数未发现显著的组间效应。所有跳跃测试均显示出显著的组×时间交互效应。事后分析表明，在ΔPOST2时，CWI组的跳跃高度显著低于PM组和PR组。在任何时间点均未观察到其他显著的组间效应。对于肌酸激酶、腿部体积和酸痛程度，未发现显著的组×时间交互效应。感知僵硬程度显示出显著的组×时间交互效应。事后分析显示，在ΔPOST2时，与PR组相比，PM组的僵硬程度显著降低。
与PR组相比，在剧烈离心运动后的72小时内，CWI和PM在运动表现恢复方面均未显示出任何显著改善。CWI显示出运动表现立即下降，这可能归因于与寒冷相关的运动神经传导速度降低。
