Shanmugasundaram Shashikiran, Karmakar Shaswata
Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
BDJ Open. 2024 Oct 9;10(1):78. doi: 10.1038/s41405-024-00265-w.
Sugar is omnipresent in the current food environment and sugar consumption has drastically risen over the past century. Extensive evidence highlights the negative health consequences of consuming excess dietary sugars, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Heart Association (AHA) to devise guidelines to restrict sugar intake. According to the WHO's Global Oral Health Status Report of 2022, oral diseases and severe periodontitis are a massive public health problem, and dietary sugars are a modifiable risk factor.
We conducted a literature review using key databases to summarise the health effects of excessive sugar consumption and their potential role in periodontal inflammation.
Available evidence suggests that excess dietary fructose and sucrose can cause low-grade systemic inflammation; and induce dysbiosis in both gut and the oral microbiota. Also, dietary sugar is potentially addictive and hypercaloric and its overconsumption can lead to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other risk factors for periodontal inflammation. Hence, an unbalanced diet with excess dietary sugars holds the potential to initiate and aggravate periodontal inflammation. In the modern food environment that enables and facilitates a high-sugar diet, adopting a diverse diet and restricting sugar intake according to WHO and AHA guidelines seem beneficial to systemic and periodontal health. Since clinical evidence is limited, future research should study the effectiveness of dietary interventions that control sugar consumption in preventing and managing the global public health problem of periodontal inflammation.
在当前的食物环境中，糖无处不在，且在过去一个世纪里糖的消费量急剧上升。大量证据凸显了摄入过量膳食糖对健康的负面影响，这促使世界卫生组织（WHO）和美国心脏协会（AHA）制定了限制糖摄入量的指南。根据WHO的《2022年全球口腔健康状况报告》，口腔疾病和重度牙周炎是一个严重的公共卫生问题，而膳食糖是一个可改变的风险因素。
我们使用关键数据库进行了文献综述，以总结过量摄入糖的健康影响及其在牙周炎症中的潜在作用。
现有证据表明，过量的膳食果糖和蔗糖会导致低度全身炎症；并在肠道和口腔微生物群中引发生态失调。此外，膳食糖具有潜在的成瘾性且热量过高，过量食用会导致肥胖、代谢综合征以及其他牙周炎症的风险因素。因此，含有过量膳食糖的不均衡饮食有可能引发并加重牙周炎症。在现代食物环境中，高糖饮食变得容易且便利，采用多样化饮食并根据WHO和AHA的指南限制糖摄入量，似乎有益于全身和牙周健康。由于临床证据有限，未来的研究应探讨控制糖摄入量的饮食干预措施在预防和管理牙周炎症这一全球公共卫生问题方面的有效性。
