Exploring diflunisal as a synergistic agent against biofilm formation.

is a bacterial pathogen of considerable significance in public health, capable of inducing a diverse range of infectious diseases. One of the most notorious mechanisms used by to survive and colonize the site of infection is its ability to form biofilms. Diflunisal, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is a known inhibitor of the Agr system in , which is key in regulating biofilm formation. This study evaluated the effect of broad-spectrum antibiotics in combination with diflunisal on biofilm density. Eight antibiotics were tested independently at different concentrations and in combination with diflunisal to assess their effect on biofilm formation. When using the antibiotics alone and with diflunisal, a significant control effect on biofilm formation was observed ( < 0.05), irrespective of diflunisal presence, but did not achieve a complete biofilm growth inhibition. Over time, diflunisal influenced biofilm formation; however, such an effect was correlated with antibiotic concentration and exposure time. With amikacin treatments, biofilm density increased with extended exposure time. In the case of imipenem, doripenem, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, lower doses and absence of diflunisal showed higher control over biofilm growth with longer exposure. However, in all cases, diflunisal did not significantly affect the treatment effect on biofilm formation. In the absence of antibiotics, diflunisal significantly reduced biofilm formation by 53.12% ( < 0.05). This study suggests that diflunisal could be a potential treatment to control biofilms, but it does not enhance biofilm inhibition when combined with antibiotics.