Razaq Zahara, Tousif Muhammad Imran, Noureen Sajida, Hussain Syed Ubaid, Saleem Muhammad, Mehmood Khan Fahad, Shaukat Umer, Riaz Humayun, Zengin Gokhan, Hashem Abeer, Kumar Ajay, Abd Allah Elsayed Fathi
Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical & Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.
Heliyon. 2024 Sep 3;10(19):e36851. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36851. eCollection 2024 Oct 15.
Consuming traditional petroleum-derived diesel fuel has long been associated with issues such as the depletion of natural energy resources. To solve these challenges, an alternate source like as biodiesel is an appealing option. Seed oils have long been recognized as an abundant and diverse source of biodiesel. In this study, poppy seed oil from the poppy (Papaver somniferum) was investigated for biodiesel production. Poppy seed biodiesel was generated and refined using acid-pretreated esterification with sulphuric acid prior to transesterification, as well as single-step alkaline catalyzed transesterification with methanol and potassium hydroxide. Finally, the percentage yield was compared. Using Statistica, the Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize process variables like time, temperature, catalyst concentration, and methanol-oil ratio to produce maximum yield. The relationship of process variables was also shown with the help of the Response Surface Methodology. A maximum yield of 94.87 % was obtained at optimized conditions, i.e., 90min reaction time, 60 °C of temperature, 0.25 mg of catalyst concentration, and 3v/v% alcohol-oil ratio. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced, such as acid value, moisture content, saponification value, iodine value, specific gravity, percentage of free fatty acids, refractive index, viscosity, boiling point, and peroxide value, were measured and compared with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 and European Standards (EN) 14214. Further results were studied and discussed using Fourier Transfer Infrared (FTIR) analysis, which showed maximum similarity of raw material to formed biodiesel. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify and quantify various fatty acid methyl esters. The results obtained were in accordance with various international standards for biodiesel fuel. Thus, poppy seeds can be used to obtain biodiesel.
长期以来，使用传统石油衍生柴油燃料一直与自然资源枯竭等问题相关联。为了解决这些挑战，像生物柴油这样的替代能源是一个有吸引力的选择。种子油长期以来一直被认为是生物柴油的丰富多样来源。在本研究中，对来自罂粟（Papaver somniferum）的罂粟籽油进行了生物柴油生产研究。在酯交换之前，使用硫酸进行酸预处理酯化以及用甲醇和氢氧化钾进行单步碱性催化酯交换来生成和精制罂粟籽生物柴油。最后，比较了产率百分比。使用Statistica软件，应用Box-Behnken设计来优化诸如时间、温度、催化剂浓度和甲醇-油比等工艺变量，以实现最大产率。还借助响应面方法展示了工艺变量之间的关系。在优化条件下，即90分钟反应时间、60°C温度、0.25毫克催化剂浓度和3v/v%醇-油比时，获得了94.87%的最大产率。对所生产生物柴油的燃料特性，如酸值、水分含量、皂化值、碘值、比重、游离脂肪酸百分比、折射率、粘度、沸点和过氧化值进行了测量，并与美国材料与试验协会（ASTM）D6751和欧洲标准（EN）14214进行了比较。使用傅里叶变换红外（FTIR）分析对进一步的结果进行了研究和讨论，结果表明原料与生成的生物柴油具有最大相似性。进行了气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析以鉴定和定量各种脂肪酸甲酯。所获得的结果符合生物柴油燃料的各种国际标准。因此，罂粟籽可用于生产生物柴油。
