Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, 3125, Burwood, VIC, Australia.
Health and Well-Being Centre for Research Innovation, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia.
Sci Rep. 2024 Oct 10;14(1):23663. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75386-1.
Snacking is a common dietary behaviour among adolescents contributing to more than one quarter of their total energy intake; however, the relationship between snacks and diet quality remains unclear. Hence, this study aimed to examine the characteristics of snacks among adolescents with different levels of diet quality. Dietary data collected from a nationally representative sample of Australian adolescents (12-18 years old, n = 935) using one 24-hour dietary recall in the National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were analysed. Snacks were defined based on participant-identified eating occasions, and diet quality was assessed using the Dietary Guideline Index for Children and Adolescents (DGI-CA). Marginal means and proportion of snack characteristics including snack frequency, snack energy density (ED), and commonly consumed foods at snack from the five food groups and discretionary foods at snack across DGI-CA tertiles (highest tertile indicating high guideline adherence) were estimated for both boys and girls using linear regression and logistic regression. Differences in means were tested using the F-test. The results showed no significant differences in the mean frequency of snacks across tertiles of DGI-CA scores. The mean ED of snacks decreased as DGI-CA scores increased in both boys (lowest tertile = 8.4, 95% CI [7.1, 10.0] kJ/g, highest tertile = 6.3 [5.4, 7.4] kJ/g) and girls (lowest tertile = 9.0 [7.8, 10.3] kJ/g, highest tertile = 5.9 [5.1, 6.9] kJ/g). As diet quality improved, the proportion of adolescents consuming discretionary (i.e., unhealthy) foods and foods from the five food group foods as snacks decreased and increased, respectively. In conclusion, adolescents with higher diet quality consumed snacks with a lower ED while lower proportion of them consume discretionary foods, and higher proportion of them consume from the five food groups. Encouraging the consumption of foods from the five food groups with lower ED as snacks presents an opportunity to enhance adolescent diet quality.
吃零食是青少年常见的饮食行为,占他们总能量摄入的四分之一以上;然而,零食与饮食质量之间的关系仍不清楚。因此,本研究旨在研究不同饮食质量水平的青少年零食的特点。使用国家营养和身体活动调查中的一项 24 小时膳食回忆法,从澳大利亚具有全国代表性的青少年样本(12-18 岁,n=935)中收集膳食数据。零食是根据参与者确定的进食次数来定义的,饮食质量使用儿童和青少年饮食指南指数(DGI-CA)进行评估。使用线性回归和逻辑回归,根据 DGI-CA 三分位数(最高三分位数表示高指南依从性),对男孩和女孩的零食特征,包括零食频率、零食能量密度(ED)以及在零食中常见的五类食物和可自由支配食物的比例进行边际均值和比例估计。使用 F 检验测试均值差异。结果表明,在 DGI-CA 评分的三分位数中,零食的平均频率没有显著差异。随着 DGI-CA 评分的增加,男孩(最低三分位数=8.4,95%CI[7.1, 10.0]kJ/g,最高三分位数=6.3[5.4, 7.4]kJ/g)和女孩(最低三分位数=9.0[7.8, 10.3]kJ/g,最高三分位数=5.9[5.1, 6.9]kJ/g)的零食 ED 均值均降低。随着饮食质量的提高,食用可自由支配(即不健康)食物和五类食物中食物作为零食的青少年比例分别下降和增加。总之,饮食质量较高的青少年食用 ED 较低的零食,而可自由支配食物的比例较低,来自五类食物的比例较高。鼓励食用 ED 较低的五类食物作为零食,为提高青少年饮食质量提供了机会。