Larson Nicole I, Miller Jonathan M, Watts Allison W, Story Mary T, Neumark-Sztainer Dianne R
Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and.
J Nutr. 2016 Jul;146(7):1348-55. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.230334. Epub 2016 Jun 8.
Most adolescents consume ≥1 snack/d; exploring the relevance of snacking patterns for overall diet and weight status is important to guide dietary counseling and public health strategies for obesity prevention.
This study examined intake of common energy-dense snack foods, total number of snacks consumed, frequency of consuming snacks prepared away from home, and frequency of snacking while watching television in adolescents and how these behaviors may be linked to diet and weight status. Relations were examined with attention to potential confounders that may help explain the mixed findings of previous research.
Survey measures of snacking behavior, a food-frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were completed by 2793 adolescents (53.2% girls, mean age = 14.4 y) in Minneapolis-St. Paul school classrooms in 2009-2010. Linear regression was used to examine associations with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and other potential confounding factors, such as meal skipping, underreporting energy intake, dieting to lose weight, and physical activity.
Adolescents reported consuming a mean of 2.2 energy-dense snack food servings/d and 4.3 snacks/d and purchasing snacks prepared away from home on 3.2 occasions/wk. More than two-thirds of adolescents reported that they sometimes, usually, or always consumed a snack while watching television. The measures of snacking were directly associated (P < 0.01) with higher energy, lower fruit/vegetable, higher sugar-sweetened beverage, and more frequent fast-food intakes in all models except for one: energy-dense snack food servings were not related to sugar-sweetened beverage intake. A direct relation between daily servings of energy-dense snack foods and body mass index (BMI) z score was found; however, the snacking behaviors were inversely related to BMI z score (P < 0.01).
The observed cross-sectional associations suggest that snack consumption is a risk factor for poor diet, but unless energy-dense foods are consumed, snacking does not consistently contribute to overweight in US adolescents.
大多数青少年每天至少吃一次零食；探究零食摄入模式与总体饮食及体重状况之间的相关性对于指导饮食咨询和预防肥胖的公共卫生策略至关重要。
本研究调查了青少年常见的高能量零食摄入量、零食总摄入量、在家庭以外场所购买零食的频率以及看电视时吃零食的频率，以及这些行为与饮食和体重状况之间的关联。研究中考虑了可能有助于解释以往研究中复杂结果的潜在混杂因素。
2009年至2010年期间，在明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗市的学校教室里，对2793名青少年（53.2%为女孩，平均年龄14.4岁）进行了零食摄入行为的问卷调查、食物频率问卷以及人体测量。采用线性回归分析来研究这些因素之间的关联，并对社会人口学特征和其他潜在混杂因素进行调整，如不规律进餐、能量摄入报告不足、节食减肥以及身体活动情况。
青少年报告平均每天摄入2.2份高能量零食，总共4.3次零食，每周有3.2次在家庭以外场所购买零食。超过三分之二的青少年表示他们有时、通常或总是在看电视时吃零食。在所有模型中，除了一个模型外，零食摄入量指标与更高的能量摄入、更低的水果/蔬菜摄入量、更高的含糖饮料摄入量以及更频繁的快餐摄入量直接相关（P<0.01）：高能量零食份数与含糖饮料摄入量无关。发现每日高能量零食份数与体重指数（BMI）z评分之间存在直接关系；然而，零食摄入行为与BMI z评分呈负相关（P<0.01）。
观察到的横断面关联表明，吃零食是不良饮食的一个风险因素，但在美国青少年中，除非摄入高能量食物，否则吃零食并不一定会导致超重。
